Subsidies to farmers and consumers were phased out. As moa and other large game became scarce or extinct, Mori culture underwent major change, with regional differences. [90][91], In 1893 Elizabeth Yates was elected mayor of Onehunga, making her the first woman in the British Empire to hold the office. Hard times led to urban unemployment and sweated labour (exploitative labour conditions) in industry. [16] [27] Building on the work of the Church Missionary Society missionary Thomas Kendall, beginning in 1820, linguist Samuel Lee worked with Mori chief Hongi Hika to transcribe the Mori language into written form. Tane, the god of forests, played an important role in the creation of humans by making the first woman. [215], Map of the New Zealand coastline as Cook charted it on his. [168] A political scientist reports: Between 1984 and 1993, New Zealand underwent radical economic reform, moving from what had probably been the most protected, regulated and state-dominated system of any capitalist democracy to an extreme position at the open, competitive, free-market end of the spectrum. Original inhabitants of New Zealand (7) CADIGAL RESERVE: Area of parkland in the Greenway in Summer Hill, named for the original inhabitants (7,7) Advertisement. The Liberal Party set out to change that by a policy it called "populism". Christianity was introduced to New Zealand in 1814 by Samuel Marsden, who travelled to the Bay of Islands where he founded a mission station on behalf of the Church of England's Church Missionary Society. In this period, fortified p became more common, although there is debate about the actual frequency of warfare. They discovered New Zealand as they explored the Pacific, navigating by the ocean currents, winds and stars. "[138], The new government quickly set about implementing a number of significant reforms, including a reorganisation of the social welfare system and the creation of the state housing scheme. Agriculture expanded, sending record supplies of meat, butter and wool to Britain. The declaration was sent to King William IV and was recognised by Britain. At the other end of the scale, tribes that frequently encountered Europeans, such as Ngpuhi in Northland, underwent major changes. They were a very advanced race beings, much like the ones of Atlantis and had similar understandings they were in contact, so they knew of each other's existence and there was no disharmony between them. [81][115], In the 1880s, New Zealand's economy grew from one based on wool and local trade to the export of wool, cheese, butter and frozen beef and mutton to Britain. Restrictions on foreign exchange were relaxed and the dollar was allowed to float and seek its natural level on the world market. [120] New Zealand instead changed from being a colony to a separate "Dominion" in 1907, equal in status to Australia and Canada. What it gave the British in return depends on the language-version of the Treaty used. [136] From 1935 the First Labour Government showed a limited degree of idealism in foreign policy, for example opposing the appeasement of Germany and Japan. Although race relations were generally peaceful in this period, there were conflicts over who had ultimate power in particular areas the Governor or the Mori chiefs. The history of New Zealand (Aotearoa) dates back to between 1320 and 1350 CE, when the main settlement period started, after it was discovered by Kupe and settled by Polynesians, who developed a distinct Mori culture. ADAM AND EVE: According to the Bible, they were the original inhabitants of the Garden of Eden (4,3,3) INLAND SEA: The early explorers spent much time looking for this in the middle of . [163], The country's economy suffered in the aftermath of the 1973 global energy crisis, the loss of New Zealand's biggest export market upon Britain's entry to the European Economic Community, and rampant inflation. Now only the government was allowed to purchase land from Mori, who received cash. [112] The impact was especially strong on the reform movement in the United States. Most were young people and 250,000 babies were born. In the traditions of Ngi Tahu 's Waitaha descendants, Rkaihaut of the Uruaokapuarangi was the first man to set foot in the South Island by digging up the many lakes and waterways and filling them with fish. [59], The Church of England sponsored the Canterbury Association colony with assisted passages from Great Britain in the early 1850s. The islands of the Pacific, including New Zealand, were among the last places to be reached. The traditional Maori religion was essentially polytheistic. [126] During the war, more than 120,000 New Zealanders enlisted to the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, and around 100,000 served overseas; 18,000 died, 499 were taken prisoner,[127] and about 41,000 men were listed as wounded. Savage was idolised by the working classes, and his portrait hung on the walls of many houses around the country. [36], Around this time, many Mori converted to Christianity. In 1846, the British Parliament passed the New Zealand Constitution Act 1846 for self-government for the 13,000 settlers in New Zealand. New Zealanders predominantly live in urban areas on the North Island.The five largest cities are Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Hamilton, and Tauranga.Few New Zealanders live on New Zealand's smaller islands. But there are also myths and legends of earlier beings, such as the first human to be created. [147] However, domestically Labour had lost the reforming zeal of the 1930s and its electoral support ebbed after the war. [177], The Fourth Labour Government revolutionised New Zealand's foreign policy, making the country a nuclear-free zone and effectively withdrawing from the ANZUS alliance. Robert FitzRoy, the new governor (in office: 18431845), took some legal steps to recognise Mori custom. The Dominion High Commissioners in Wartime Britain, 193842". They include Tongans, Samoans, Tahitians, Cook Islanders, Rarotongans, and Pitcairn Islanders. Tasman sketched sections of the two main islands' west coasts. Gold discoveries in Otago (1861) and Westland (1865), caused a worldwide gold rush that more than doubled the population in a short period, from 71,000 in 1859 to 164,000 in 1863. It denounced Italy's role in Ethiopia and sympathized with the republican forces in the Spanish Civil War. Wakefield's colonisation programmes were over-elaborate and operated on a much smaller scale than he hoped for, but his ideas influenced law and culture, especially his vision for the colony as the embodiment of post-Enlightenment ideals, the notion of New Zealand as a model society, and the sense of fairness in employer-employee relations. As a consequence the Labour party was able to jettison its support for socialism in 1927 (a policy made official in 1951), as it expanded its reach into middle class constituencies. After the wars, some Mori began a strategy of passive resistance, most famously the ploughing campaigns at Parihaka on 26 May 1879 in Taranaki. It was only about 3,000 years ago that people began heading eastward from the Solomon Islands . The Liberals proclaimed success in forging an egalitarian, anti-monopoly land policy. To deal with the issue of land distribution, they worked out innovative solutions to access, tenure, and a graduated tax on unimproved values. Pioneer pastoralists, often men with experience as squatters in Australia, leased lands from the government at the annual rate of 5 plus 1 for each 1,000 sheep above the first 5,000. Due to its Eurocentric rules, the high fees, its location remote from the lands in question, and unfair practices by some Pkeh land agents, its main effect was to allow Mori to sell their land without restraint from other tribal members. [209][210], The 2020 general election resulted in a victory for the Labour Partythe first outright majority for a single party since the introduction of MMP. Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 26 September 2006. By 1950 it was the main line of communications between the British and New Zealand governments. [157], Irrespective of political developments, many New Zealanders still perceived themselves as a distinctive outlying branch of the United Kingdom until at least the 1970s. August 15, 20231:58 AM PDTUpdated 7 days ago. They made national security a high priority, were sceptical of international institutions, and showed no interest on the questions of self-determination, democracy, and human rights. they begged for help from New Zealand's governor George Grey in 1862. Typical occupations in relief work included road work (undertaken by 45% of all part-time and 19% of all full-time relief workers in 1934, with park improvement works (17%) and farm work (31%) being the other two most common types of work for part-time and full-time relief workers respectively). Peter Trickett, for example, argues in Beyond Capricorn that the Portuguese explorer Cristvo de Mendona reached New Zealand in the 1520s, and the Tamil bell[18] discovered by missionary William Colenso has given rise to a number of theories,[19][20] but historians generally believe the bell "is not in itself proof of early Tamil contact with New Zealand".[21][22][23]. Deborah Montgomerie, "The Limitations of Wartime Change: Women War Workers in New Zealand", On the home front see Gwen Parsons, "The New Zealand Home Front during World War One and World War Two", History Compass (2013) 11#6 pp 419428, online. In 1966 the first encyclopedia of New Zealand was published in three thick volumes. Disputes over the differing translations of the Treaty and settler desire to acquire land from Mori led to the New Zealand Wars from 1843. (There were a few highly publicised but ineffective Japanese scouting incursions.) [10][11], The descendants of these settlers became known as the Mori, forming a distinct culture of their own. When World War II broke out in September 1939, it recommended to London a negotiated peace with Berlin; however after the fall of France in the spring of 1940, it did support the British war effort militarily and economically. He argued that the Pkeh could not be trusted to pass laws that would protect the interests of the Mori majority already there had been Treaty violations and persuaded his political superiors to postpone its introduction for five years. Over 100 years elapsed before Europeans returned to New Zealand; in 1769, British naval captain James Cook of HM Bark Endeavour visited New Zealand, and coincidentally, only two months later, Frenchman Jean-Franois de Surville, in command of his own expedition, reached the country. In 1865 Parliament defeated a proposal to make the South Island independent by 17 to 31. The result was a jump in strength to 35% in 1931, 47% in 1935, and peaking at 56% in 1938. Stuart Banner, "Conquest by Contract: Wealth Transfer and Land Market Structure in Colonial New Zealand", Aorewa McLeod, "Ellis, Ellen Elizabeth" in. Jack H. Nagel, "Social Choice in a Pluralitarian Democracy: The Politics of Market Liberalization in New Zealand". [85] The first signs of a politicised collective female identity came in crusades to pass the Contagious Diseases Prevention Act. Enter the length or pattern for better results. She was an able administrator: she cut the debt, reorganised the fire brigade, and improved the roads and sanitation. The Advances to Settlers Act of 1894 provided low-interest mortgages, while the Agriculture Department disseminated information on the best farming methods. [24] Mori were reputed to be enthusiastic and canny traders, even though the levels of technology, institutions and property rights differed greatly from the standards in European societies. The first European explorer known to visit New Zealand was Dutch navigator Abel Tasman on 13 December 1642. The country was most affected around 19301932, when average farm incomes for a short time dipped below zero, and the unemployment rate peaked. David McCraw, "New Zealand Foreign Policy Under the Clark Government: High Tide of Liberal Internationalism?". They also cultivated the cabbage tree, a plant endemic to New Zealand, and exploited wild foods such as fern root, which provided a starchy paste. [131], More than 2700 men died in the Gallipoli Campaign. Spain beat England 1-0 in the Women's World Cup final in Sydney on Sunday to win their first title. CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION", 'Busting Up' the Greatest Estate of All: Liberal Maori Land Policy, 18911911, "Strategy and Trade Union Effectiveness in a Neo-liberal Environment", "New Zealand says no to federation with Australia", "The New Zealand Official Year-Book 1907", New Zealand's vote for prohibition in 1911, "How the Herald reported the Gallipoli landings", "AtoJs Online Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives 1946 Session I D-03 MINISTRY OF WORKS REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF WORKS FOR THE PERIOD ENDED 31st MARCH, 1946", "Division and defeat The 1951 waterfront dispute", "The coronation and visit of Queen Elizabeth II", https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/vietnam-war, "United States Policy toward the New Zealand Government with respect to the Port Access Issue", "Ng rp tautohetohe Mori protest movements", "NZ-Australia Closer Economic Relations (CER)", "Human rights Legal protection for human right", "Ng whakataunga tiriti Treaty of Waitangi settlement process - The Waitangi Tribunal and negotiated settlements", "Why travel on an OE?, Working Holidays in New Zealand Overseas experience New Zealand travel & OE", "Nearly 60 per cent of Kiwis want the British Monarchy out poll", "New authority created for Canterbury rebuild", "Full text of the Wellington Declaration", "Sixth Labour govt: What's in store for NZ", "Christchurch terror attack: Death toll rises to 50", "Christchurch mosque terror attack sentencing: Gunman Brenton Tarrant planned to attack three mosques", "First details about gun buyback scheme released", "Gun buyback framework established as first step towards determining compensation", "PM places border ban on all non-citizens and non-permanent residents entering NZ", "New Zealand plans to ease coronavirus lockdown in a week", "Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern reveals move to level 1 from midnight", "New Zealand wins plaudits for coronavirus approach", "How NZ's 'team of five million' took on Covid-19", "Covid 19 coronavirus: MPs unanimously pass biggest tax support package in NZ's history", "New Zealand economy faces 'serious impact' from coronavirus outbreak", "New Zealand election: Jacinda Ardern's Labour Party scores landslide win", "Jacinda Ardern resigns as prime minister of New Zealand", "Chris Hipkins set to become next prime minister of New Zealand", "New Zealand's Chris Hipkins sworn in as prime minister", Map of Early 19th Century Missions in New Zealand, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_Zealand&oldid=1171472741, Hunter, Ian, and Marie Wilson. After these came the iwi or tribe, consisting of groups of hap. Reformers hoped that the women's vote, in which New Zealand was a pioneer, would swing the balance, but the women were not as well organised as in other countries. These people share an ancestral relationship with the Maori as . However it soon became clear that they had underestimated the number of settlers that would arrive in their lands. Foreign policy after 1984 became more independent especially in pushing for a nuclear-free zone. The leases were renewed automatically, which gave the wealthy pastoralists a strong landed interest and made them a powerful political force. Their crews traded European goods, including guns and metal tools, for Mori food, water, wood, flax and sex. [143], Over 50million was spent on defence works and military accommodation and hospitals, including 292mi (470km) of roads. Various claims have been made that New Zealand was reached by other non-Polynesian voyagers before Tasman, but these are not widely accepted. The change was enabled by the invention of refrigerated steamships in 1882 and a result of the large market demands overseas. In some inland areas life went on more or less unchanged, although a European metal tool such as a fish-hook or hand axe might be acquired through trade with other tribes. [88] Middle-class women successfully mobilised to stop prostitution, especially during the First World War. [184][185], In the 21st century, international tourism was a major contributor to the New Zealand economy, until it was brought almost to a halt by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, and the service sector more generally has grown. New Zealand interpretations of the First World War towards and into the Second World War". Enter a Crossword Clue Sort by Length The Company resold the best tracts to British settlers; its profits were used to pay the travel of the immigrants from Britain.[73][74]. The English version can be said to give the British Crown sovereignty over New Zealand; but in the Mori version, the Crown receives kwanatanga, which, arguably, is a lesser power (see interpretations of the Treaty). Officials and missionaries had their own positions and reputations to protect. New Zealand, with a population of 1.7million, including 99,000 Mori, was highly mobilised during the war. In March 2020, borders and entry ports of New Zealand were closed to all non-residents. The Reform Party and the United Party merged to become the National Party, and would be Labour's main rival in future years. [141] They mostly fought in North Africa, Greece/Crete, and Italy, relying on the Royal Navy and later the United States to protect New Zealand from the Japanese forces. 693). [191], Foreign policy has been essentially independent since the mid-1980s. [162], Urbanisation proceeded rapidly across the land. [211] The Labour party entered into cooperation agreement with the Green Party. Gerald Chaudron, "The League of Nations and Imperial Dissent: New Zealand and the British Labour Governments, 192431". This was not possible in the south of the South Island, but wild plants such as fernroot were often available and cabbage trees were harvested and cultivated for food. Despite New Zealand's immigration liberalisation in the 1980s, Britons are still the largest group of migrants to New Zealand, due in part to recent immigration law changes that privilege fluent speakers of English. Although the first Chinese migrants had been invited by the Otago Provincial government they quickly became the target of hostility from white settlers and laws were enacted specifically to discourage them from coming to New Zealand. Since 1946, there have been major influxes into New Zealand of people from other Polynesian islands of the South Pacific. Land was usually not given up without discussion and consultation. By the late 1830s the European population of New Zealand had risen to around 2,000. [116] Refrigerated shipping remained the basis of New Zealand's economy until the 1970s. Under Prime Minister Clark, foreign policy reflected the priorities of liberal internationalism. Ian Hunter, "Making a little go further: Capital and the New Zealand entrepreneur". [27], The effect of contact on Mori varied. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . [62][63], Mori had welcomed Pkeh for the trading opportunities and guns they brought. The newly created welfare state promised government support to individuals "from the cradle to the grave", according to the Labour slogan. DNA identifies the Mori originated from Hawaiki in what is now Taiwan and are related to the Tao people. "According to our oral traditions, the first ancestors arrived directly from eastern Polynesia and settled there. Unlike in Britain, relatively few women became involved. According to the future Governor, Captain Arthur Phillip's amended Commission, dated 25 April 1787 the colony of New South Wales included "all the islands adjacent in the Pacific Ocean within the latitudes of 1037'S and 4339'S". [99], The South Island was home to most of the Pkeh population until around 1911 when the North Island again took the lead, and has supported an ever-greater majority of the country's total population through the 20th century and into the 21st. Labour also gained Mori votes by working closely with the Rtana movement. National Prime Minister Sidney Holland called a snap election as a result of the 1951 waterfront dispute, an incident that reinforced National's dominance and severely weakened the union movement. This private colonisation project was part of the reason that the British Colonial Office decided to speed up its plans for the annexation of New Zealand. Richard Seddon had proclaimed the goal as early as 1884: "It is the rich and the poor; it is the wealthy and the landowners against the middle and labouring classes. In order to increase production, alongside a more intensive use of factor inputs a transformation of production techniques was necessary. This page was last edited on 21 August 2023, at 08:50. The Education Act of 1877 created New Zealand's first free national system of primary education, establishing standards that educators should meet, and making education compulsory for children aged 5 to 15. [169], The economic reforms were led by Roger Douglas, finance minister from 1984 to 1988. New Zealand was first settled by Polynesians from Eastern Polynesia. The women argued that women-hood (thanks to motherhood) was the repository of superior moral values and concerns and from their domestic experience they knew best how to resolve conflicts. [4], In New Zealand there are no human artifacts or remains dating earlier than the Kaharoa Tephra, a layer of volcanic debris deposited by the Mount Tarawera eruption around 1314 CE. Enter a Crossword Clue Sort by Length [34] As a result, guns became very valuable and Mori would trade huge quantities of goods for a single musket. [60], The New Zealand Company was responsible for 15,500 settlers coming to New Zealand. It won about 25% of the vote. [155] New Zealand's involvement in the Vietnam War signalled a major breakaway from British influence even though it was brought about primarily because of New Zealand's obligations under the ANZUS Treaty and growing concerns about Communist influences in the Asia-Pacific region. As a result, the United States pressured the governments of Australia and New Zealand to contribute to the war in Vietnam, eventually resulting in both nations sending forces, with New Zealand's first troops arriving in 1965. Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 21 December 2006, Tanja Bueltmann, "'No Colonists are more Imbued with their National Sympathies than Scotchmen,'". Tasman anchored at the northern end of the South Island in Golden Bay (he named it Murderers' Bay) in December 1642, and sailed northward to Tonga following an attack by local Mori, Ngti Tmatakkiri.
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