When to wean - early or later? doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(05)80057-7, O'Connor, C. E., Lawrence, A. 7, 185199. Winter 2019 Feed efficiency Sheep and Goat Mortality Surveillance Project 2015 to 2018 Sheep EID Protecting Victoria's livestock industries Young farmers of Victoria, this is your network! Behav. doi: 10.1051/rnd:2006023, Nowak, R. F., and Lindsay, D. R. (1992). This is consistent with the increase in the excretion of coccidia oocysts in recently weaned lambs (Orgeur et al., 1998, 1999). Parental investment in male and female offspring in polygynous mammals. Rev. Anim. Weaning also triggers changes in the respiratory and pulse rates and rectal temperature (Mohapatra et al., 2020). Animal Welfare Approved certification program (2018). 1. Anim. Behavior of pantaneiro ewes and their offspring. doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.07.006, Wang, S., Ma, T., Zhao, G., Zhang, N., Tu, Y., Li, F., et al. Sci. This should be the weaners' second vaccination. In accordance, weaned lambs are more susceptible to experimental infections with Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis than unweaned lambs (Watson and Gill, 1991). Once established, the mother-young bond lasts for months. These types of weaning can be done abruptly, progressively, or in steps (see section WEANING METHODS). The most frequently used method is the abrupt separation of the ewes and their lambs. doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2014.11.008, Mandal, A., Prasad, H., Kumar, A., Roy, R., and Sharma, N. (2007). doi: 10.1016/S0950-5601(56)80014-2, Napolitano, F., Annicchiarico, G., Caroprese, M., De Rosa, G., Taibi, L., and Sevi, A. D.C. Curch (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall), 4463. In other systems, weaning is performed to improve the body reserves of the ewes after the end of lactation, increasing the reproductive results at the following breeding season, including fertility, prolificacy, and birth weight of their subsequent offspring (Vatankhaha and Salehi, 2010; Vatankhah et al., 2012). Some procedures might be used to reduce the stress generated by abrupt weaning, including the induction of oestrus in ewes on the day of separation (Prez-Len et al., 2006), the presence of conspecifics or humans (Barton, 1983a,b; Carbajal and Orihuela, 2001), stroking (Pascual-Alonso et al., 2015) or progesterone treatments (Freitas-de-Melo et al., 2013; Freitas-de-Melo and Ungerfeld, 2016b). Most ewes peak in their milk production around three to four weeks after the lambs are born. Endocrine and sensory regulation of maternal behavior in the ewe, in Advances in the Study of Behavior, eds. Gradually Increase the Amount of Milk 8. 15, 113128. 3, 6581. Maternal behaviour in domestic sheep (Ovis aries): constancy and change with maternal experience. Lambing season also influences the behavioural response of lambs at weaning. doi: 10.22319/rmcp.v7i3.4215, Freitas-de-Melo, A., and Ungerfeld, R. (2016b). The behavioural, endocrine and leucocyte response of ewes to repeated removal of lambs before the age of natural weaning. Behav. Sci. Effect of early weaning on the intestinal microbiota and expression of genes related to barrier function in lambs. Although younger lambs can distinguish between face and non-face pictures (Salva et al., 2014), they do not recognise the picture of their mothers' faces at 90 d of age (Ungerfeld et al., 2021b). Vet. Lambs and kids should be consuming high-quality hay by the time they are ready to wean. Figure 1. Factors of welfare reduction in dairy sheep and goats. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2017.10.016, Freitas-de-Melo, A., Banchero, G., Htzel, M. J., Damin, J. P., and Ungerfeld, R. (2013). Table 3. A., Catto, J. Young lambs benefit from shelter and can suffer if housing is unsuitable. Brockmann, P.J.B. Agroecosyst. B., Bishop, S. C., and Lewis, M. (2003). Single-born Merino lambs weaned at 6 wk are more anxious and vocalise more times than lambs weaned at 13 wk of age (Schichowski et al., 2010). Depending on how old they are when they enter your care and whether they have had or continue to have access to their mother, lambs have diverse needs when it comes to health, nutrition, and socialization. Small Rumin. (2021). This change in social behaviour characterises the process of natural weaning and is associated with the decrease in suckling frequency, the increase in solid food consumption, and the waning of the bond (Weary et al., 2008). Weigh lambs at weaning time so you can calculate 60-day . A., and Snchez-Dvila, F. (2021c), Lambs repeatedly separated from their dams display a greater response to social isolation after weaning. caring only her own lamb(s) or those that after birth she recognises and accepts as her own lambs, rejecting any others that attempt to suckle later (Poindron, 2005). The response follows a similar pattern in other physiological traits; e.g., concentrations of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase are higher in lambs weaned at 45 than at 75 d of age (akmaki et al., 2021), and total protein concentration is lower in younger than older weaned lambs (akmaki et al., 2021). (2010). Sci. Appl. Fr. Jerry Orbos, SVD - LIVE NOW: HOLY MASS 9:30AM - Facebook A negative aspect of early weaning is the fact that it limits growth rate, as the animals require longer times to adapt their digestive system to solid food consumption due to the physiological delay in ruminal development or lack of familiarity with solid food (Lynch et al., 1992). Lambs will often grow at a slightly slower rate during the summer because they tend to eat less during extremely hot weather. Hold Your Lamb in a Correct Position 6. J. Anim. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.01.021, Sbe, F., Nowak, R., Poindron, P., and Aubin, T. (2007). Relationship of circulating estrogen and progesterone concentrations during late pregnancy and the onset phase of maternal behavior in the ewe. Therefore, the study of the immunological ability of recently weaned ewes still requires deeper understanding. Effect of age and weaning on growth performance, rumen fermentation, and serum parameters in lambs fed starter with limited ewelamb interaction. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.06.001, Youssef, M. Y. I., Phillips, C. J. C., and Metwally, M. (1995). Orgeur et al. Sci. As lactation progresses, the lamb and ewe are not always close to each other, so they require mechanisms to locate and call each other. Some responses are reported only in female lambs, such as an increase in albumin concentration (Freitas-de-Melo and Ungerfeld, 2020). Behavioural changes in ewes (left panel) and lambs (right panel) triggered by weaning (dotted arrow). The effects of alternative weaning strategies on lamb health and performance. Sci. Anim. Effects of inoculation with rumen fluid on nutrient digestibility, growth performance and rumen fermentation of early weaned lambs. Martnez, M. E., de la Barra, R., and de la Fuente, F. (2015). Appl. 78, 1990. doi: 10.2527/2000.7871990x, Lawrence, A. Advertisements Weaning should take place by 12 weeks from the start of lambing, sooner if the season has been poor. Artificial weaning is performed from 24 h postpartum until around the age of natural weaning (up to 12 mo of age). doi: 10.1016/0031-9384(94)00200-O, Li, C., Wang, W., Liu, T., Zhang, Q., Wang, G., Li, F., et al. Mastitis In Ewes and Does | Cornell University College of Veterinary (2021) showed that suckling within 2 h after birth triggers the early bonding of the lamb with the mother. Furthermore, faecal worm egg counts are lower in supplemented-weaned lambs than unsupplemented lambs (Shaw et al., 1995), probably because supplemented-weaned lambs are less exposed to parasites, improving the health status of lambs. The upper graphs show the time spent pacing (A,C) and the one below, the emission of vocalisations (B,D). The incidence of diarrhoea is also greater in lambs weaned at 21 than at 35 d of age, affecting the daily weight gain in the younger lambs (Wang et al., 2019). doi: 10.1163/156853900501999, Dwyer, C. M., Lawrence, A. Therefore, there is room to study the conditioning factors that might modify the ewe and lamb responses to separation. Welfare implications of artificial rearing and early weaning in sheep. (1969b). Welfare 15, 383389. 155, 3944. Relationship between ewe body condition score (BCS) at mating and reproductive and productive traits in Lori-Bakhtiari sheep. The length of the first suckling is related to the latency for the mother to recognise her lamb (Nowak and Poindron, 2006). Brockman H.J., Roper T.J., Naguib M., Wynne-Edwards K.E., Barnard C., Mitani, M. (Amsterdam: Elsevier), 399437. Artificial weaning is performed before natural weaning age, which has been reported to occur at up to 12 mo of age in wild sheep (Geist, 1971; Grubb, 1974), and is characterised by the complete replacement of suckling by solid food or artificial rearing with sheep milk or milk substitute (Napolitano et al., 2008; Weary et al., 2008). In out-of-season lambing systems, ewes get pregnant in spring, and consequently, lambing and lactation take place during autumn and winter, respectively. Another limitation of the scarce knowledge is that in these studies, it was studied the response of the lambs, but not that of the ewes. Brit. doi: 10.1093/icb/14.1.249, Turkson, P. K., and Sualisu, M. (2005). Behav. Thanks Logged Buttermilk Joined Jul 2014 Re: How long after weaning can ewes go back to lambs? Behav. Behav. Water should always be available. Weaners should be vaccinated against the main clostridial diseases (for example, tetanus, pulpy kidney) and cheesy gland. doi: 10.2527/jas.2014-7322, Freitas-de-Melo, A., Anglica, T., Ungerfeld, R., Orihuela, A., Htzel, M., and Prez-Clariget, R. (2018b). Animal 12, 22742283. Good baby lamb care can significantly increase the number of lambs raised by ewes in the flock. doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.09.004, Hernandez, C. E., Matthews, L. R., Oliver, M. H., Bloomfield, F. H., and Harding, J. E. (2009). Sci. When the space allocation allows, the ewe tends to separate from the flock close to the parturition and select a place where she remains with her lamb(s) for some time (Shackleton and Haywood, 1985). doi: 10.1017/S1751731113001614, Dwyer, C. M., and Lawrence, A. Sudden death in lambs - Farmers Weekly (2017) demonstrated that delaying the weaning age of lambs to at least 60 d can be beneficial from an animal health standpoint, requiring less harvested grain in the feedlot to reach an appropriate market endpoint in pasture-based systems. Evolutionary theory of parental-offspring conflict. doi: 10.1016/j.jveb.2020.07.009, Mora-Medina, P., Orihuela, A., Arch-Tirado, E., Roldn-Santiago, P., Terrazas, A., and Mota-Rojas, D. (2016). This delay in growth may be a consequence of a bad adaptation of the digestive system to the acute feeding changes, the reduced immune status, the increased susceptibility to gastrointestinal parasites, and the energy dispended in the display of costly behavioural responses. Nutr. J. Anim. The use of creep feeding is recommended for stimulating solid food consumption even at an early age, facilitating the transition to the digestion of solid food (Martnez et al., 2015). Besides, postweaning social enrichment also improves lambs' welfare (Pascual-Alonso et al., 2015). If they have been recently mulesed, allow four weeks to recover before weaning to avoid setback. Prod. Even after weaning, lambs prefer the company of their mother for more than 1 month after separation (Hinch et al., 1987; Ungerfeld et al., 2018), but after that, they do not show an important motivation to seek for their mother (Ungerfeld et al., 2018). It is also possible that the status on the natural break of the bond differs in different studies, thus, measuring responses in moments different to those in which the responses could be expected. Ewes, in turn, can discriminate their own lamb from an alien lamb by vocalisation as early as 24 h postpartum (Sbe et al., 2007). Freitas-de-Melo, A., Ungerfeld, R., and Prez-Clariget, R. (2019). The response to progressive weaning likely differs according to the age at which it begins, as progressive weaning from 5 to 10 d of age induces behavioural, endocrine, and immune disturbances in lambs (Sevi et al., 2003). Abrupt weaning also influences ewes and lambs' immunological status (Napolitano et al., 2008), and predisposes animals to diseases like mastitis and parasitosis. Artificial weaning may be an abrupt or a gradual process. BMC Vet. 60, 255. doi: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2004.12.008, akmaki, C., Karaca, S., and Mara, G. A. Morales-Tern, G., Pro, M. A., Figueroa, S. B., Snchez del Real, C., and Gallegos, S. J. Variability in the expression of maternal behaviour in primiparous sheep: effects of genotype and litter size. Behav. Furthermore, artificial rearing in male lambs generates long-term consequences on the response to stressors and sexual behaviour (Damin et al., 2017, 2018a,b). 86, 220. doi: 10.2527/jas.2007-0198, Schichowski, C., Moors, E., and Gauly, M. (2010). Sheep Extension Program - Montana State University Anim. Appl. doi: 10.1016/S0034-5288(18)34182-1, Sun, D. M., Mao, S. Y., Zhu, W. Y., and Liu, J. H. (2018). From birth to colostrum: early steps leading to lamb survival. Mastitis is one of the more common health problems affecting sheep and goats. 10, 62. doi: 10.5424/sjar/2012101-233-11, Val-Laillet, D., Simon, M., and Nowak, R. (2004). Continuous or restricted suckling and its relationship to the length of postpartum anestrous in Pelibuey ewes. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2018.05.018, Ungerfeld, R., Htzel, M. J., and Quintans, G. (2015). During the first 1 or 2 wk postpartum, the ewes allow their lambs to suckle as often as they want (Munro, 1956; Hinch, 1989). Sci. Rev. The effect of permanent or temporary contact with the lamb and contact with males on the lambing to first ovulation interval in Saint Croix sheep. The critical period in the attachment of lambs and ewes. Mountain Sheep: A Study in Behaviour Evolution. In dairy sheep, lambs are often precociously weaned, 12 days after birth (Napolitano et al., 2008). Furthermore, the lambs from undernourished ewes advance their natural weaning process since they present a greater grazing frequency before weaning, probably to compensate for the access to fewer amounts of milk (Freitas-de-Melo et al., 2017). J. Vet. Ewes emit bleats within 3 h before and after parturition (Sbe et al., 2007), and by 48 h after birth, the lambs can identify the low-pitched bleats of their dam (Sbe et al., 2010). 132, 3341. 62, 681688. Appl. Influence of low pasture allowance during pregnancy on the attachment between ewes and their lambs at birth and during lactation. Res. Ferguson, C. Lee, A. Fisher (United Kingdom: Elsevier), 153175. J. Although different temperaments or copying styles could also explain the effect of biotypes on the lambs' stress response at weaning, this factor does not influence the response of lambs to artificial weaning at different ages (akmaki et al., 2021). (2017). Freitas-de-Melo, A., Ungerfeld, R., Htzel, M., Abud, M., Alvarez-Oxley, A., Orihuela, A., et al. It triggers behavioural, physiological and immunological changes that generate negative consequences on the health of both ewes and lambs, as well as on the growth of the lambs, rising animal welfare concerns. Vet. Anim. In this case, ewes and lambs can communicate with each other, and thus visual, auditory, and olfactory contact is maintained before definitive ewe-lamb separation. (Colombia) 74, 166. Busnel (New York, NY: Academic Press), 75119. doi: 10.1163/156853982X00120, Haley, D. B., Bailey, D. W., and Stookey, J. M. (2005). H.J. At 1 week before the first expected lambing date (day 138 after the ram is introduced to the breeding flock), ewes should be observed every 4 to 6 hours. J. Anim. Does lambing season affect mother-young relationships and lamb vigor in D'man sheep reared in oases? It is characterised by affiliative behaviours such as licking, provision of food, warmth and protection, rest in company, synchronisation of many activities, and maintenance of closeness and body care (Newberry and Swanson, 2008). Chniter, M., Hammadi, M., Khorchani, T., Krit, R., Lahsoumi, B., Sassi, M. B., et al. J. Appl. Lynch, J. J., Hinch, G. N., and Adams, D. B. J. Anim. Pictures provided by Daniela Casuriaga. As long as the bottle lambs are eating hay and grain and drinking water, they can be weaned at 6 weeks. Appl. 1. Anim. Mastitis is also a concern after weaning in wool and meat sheep, and it is more commonly observed in early weaning systems as lambs are separated from their mothers when milk yield is still high (Animal Welfare Approved certification program, 2018). When to Wean Lambs and 3 Tips to Make It Easier - MorningChores Weaning also triggers a decrease in total protein and albumin concentration (Freitas-de-Melo et al., 2017), and the haematocrit remains elevated at least 5 d after weaning (Freitas-de-Melo and Ungerfeld, 2020). 44, 159169. (2015a). Observations on the suckling behaviour of young lambs. Lam with tah above - Wikipedia The primary mechanisms for the establishment of the ewe-lamb(s) bond involve olfaction (Morgan et al., 1985), and after initial recognition, behavioural mechanisms that depend on audition and vision are deployed (Alexander and Shillito, 1985; Ungerfeld et al., 2021b). This review highlights the need of future studies focusing on the factors that might modify the ewe and lamb responses to separation. Arnold, G. W., Wallace, S. R., and Maller, R. A. 79, 10551066. (1983b). Two-steps weaning can be easily applied by separating ewes and lambs through a wire fence. Sheep rumen metabolic development in response to age and dietary treatments. Lalbagh, Mangalore, a city in India; Lal Bagh, an old botanical garden in Bangalore, India; Lalbagh metro station, a station serving the Basavanagudi area of Bangalore; Lalbagh Fort, a 17th-century Mughal fort complex in Dhaka . Agr. G.E. (2021b). Pickup, H. E., and Dwyer, C. M. (2011). Weaning is stressful for both ewes and lambs. (2003). 63, 868875. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2011.03.010, Poindron, P. (2005). Two-steps weaning consists of limiting the access to the mothers' udder before definitive ewe-lamb separation, either continuously or temporarily. The sex of the offspring affects the lamb and ewe responses to abrupt weaning. Effect of weaning age on hair sheep lamb and ewe production traits in an accelerated lambing system in the tropics. In mammals, the establishment of a strong and lasting social bond between the mothers and their offspring ensures the provision of care, immunity and nutrition, which is essential for the survival of the offspring and to maximise the mothers' reproductive success (Trivers, 1974; Godfray, 1995; Nowak, 2006). (2008). (1988). Early mother-young relationship and feeding behaviour of lambs are unaffected by low pasture allowance until the beginning of the last third of gestation in single bearing ewes. Appl. (1998). Morgan, P. D., Boundy, C. A. P., Arnold, G. W., and Lindsay, D. R. (1985). 110, 2441. (2000). Behavioral pattern in Texel Corriedale terminal crossbreeding: Maternal behavior score at birth, lambs' feeding behaviors, and behavioral responses of lambs to abrupt weaning. Moreover, 4 days after artificial weaning, globulin concentration is lower in control ewes than in treated ewes, reaching levels of hipo-globulinemia, which could be related to a state of immunodeficiency. 25, 381387. This greatly decreases the stress of weaning for both the ewes and lambs, but can also mean lower weight gains in lambs. doi: 10.17221/255/2014-VETMED. Anim. In the same study, Nowak et al. doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2010.04.014, Sbe, F., Duboscq, J., Aubin, T., Ligout, S., and Poindron, P. (2010). Sci. Lambs weaned progressively from 5 to 10 d of age (Sevi et al., 2003) or 30 to 60 d of age (Freitas-de-Melo et al., 2021c) displayed different reactions to social stress later in life compared to lambs weaned abruptly. Weaning Management of Lambs and Ewes is Important - Sheep & Goats Anim. The effects of management and behavioural factors on intake of acidified milk and concentrates by group-reared calves. Ecol. During the first week of life, lambs suckle once or more times per hour (Munro, 1956). doi: 10.1016/j.applanim.2018.08.022, Dhaoui, A., Chniter, M., Lvy, F., Nowak, R., and Hammadi, M. (2020). "On The Lam" - Meaning & Origin (12 Helpful Examples) - Grammarhow However, the easiness of this practise depends on the productive systems, given that in extensive grazing systems would be impractical to move all the flock every day to separate ewes and lambs, in addition to adverse consequences on their body weight and on pasture maintenance. These behaviours are energetically demanding (Weary and Fraser, 1995), but they are also ineffective, as the lamb cannot re-join its mother; thus, the increase of the costlier behaviours is not maintained for a long time. On the day of weaning, ewes that receive an intravaginal progesterone releasing device (CIDR) for the 32 days before artificial weaning, pace and vocalise less than untreated controls. Thus, the moment in which ewes' stress response begins could be related not only to the separation but also by the udder modifications induced by weaning. 49, 375386. Cortisol and b-endorphin responses to physical and psychological stressors in lambs. are not available. 14, 249264. The models are based in the data of Freitas-de-Melo and Ungerfeld (2020). Sci. Vet. Mother-offspring relationship in Morada Nova sheep bred in a tropical semiarid environment: a perspective on maternal investment and parental conflict. 1. Acta Vet. 102, 3343. Sheep 201: Weaning lambs doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.14801, Berube, H. C., Festa-Bianchet, M., and Jorgenson, J. T. (1994). Progesterona y respuesta de estrs: mecanismos de accin y sus repercusiones en rumiantes domsticos. For instance, the provision of feed supplements before and after weaning can help lambs cope with the nutritional changes at weaning. Effect of early creep feeding in the performance of Chilota Breed lambs. Sci. Nutr. It has also been reported that the haematocrit remains elevated 5 d after weaning, indicating that weaning is a long-term stressful situation (Freitas-de-Melo and Ungerfeld, 2020). Appl. Ewes tend to present a higher cortisol concentration, and the percentages of mothers feeding are lower after progressive weaning from 25 to 90 d than in the abrupt weaning method (Orgeur et al., 1998). 106, 105109. Lyford, S. J. Sci. 95, 913918. Behav. A full belly and colostrum: Two major determinants of filial love. 296, 109500. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109500, Kendrick, K. M., and Keverne, E. B. in Advances in the Study of Behaviour, eds. doi: 10.1071/AN16157. Influence of the climatic environment and duration of labor on the mother-offspring interaction in Morada Nova sheep. Anim. 34, 6174. Behavioural response of grazing lambs to changes associated with feeding and separation from their mothers at weaning. Importance of visual clues from various body regions in maternal recognition of the young in Merino sheep (Ovis aries) in Reproductive and Developmental Behaviour in Sheep, ed A.F. Consequently, spring-born lambs are heavier before and after weaning than autumn-born lambs (Menant et al., 2022). Anim. Theriogenology 100, 134138. Psychobiol. Psychobiol. Behav. Behav. Behav. Signalling need: costly signals and animal welfare assessment. The postweaning mortality rate is greater in male than female lambs when weaning is performed either at 90 or 150 d of age (Turkson and Sualisu, 2005; Mandal et al., 2007). Reprod. Multiple factors influence the responses at weaning and how sheep cope with this stress. Anim. What Age Do Lambs Wean Naturally? - On Secret Hunt Grain Bloat Also known as grain overload or acidosis, grain bloat can occur with all kinds of ruminating animals. Therefore, separating twins after weaning and coupling them with non-siblings is probably better to reduce their stress and improve their health status after early weaning in prolific breeds. doi: 10.1017/S1751731117001574, Damin, J. P., Htzel, M. J., Banchero, G., and Ungerfeld, R. (2013). 66th Ann. Appl. Casuriaga, D., Ungerfeld, R., Guerrero, M., Ciappesoni, G., del Pino, L., and Freitas-de-Melo. (2021a). With grazing under pressure in many parts of the country following a very dry spring, many sheep farmers are looking at weaning lambs earlier than normal. Agr. As mentioned earlier, weaning also negatively affects the growth of the lambs, inducing a decrease in body weight shortly after separation (Mohapatra et al., 2020). Res. Sci. 44, 4049. Use a Special Milk Replacer Formula 3. 'Train' lambs to eat grain while still with their mothers (weaners should be well adapted in drought years due . Rev. 183, 5158. M.D. Sci. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1591(05)80071-1, Orgeur, P., Bernard, S., Naciri, M., Nowak, R., Schaal, B., and Lvy, F. (1999). Destete artificial en ovinos: respuesta de estrs y bienestar animal. 99, 166170. As artificial weaning is considered one of the most stressful situations in the life of farm mammals, it is important to consider the factors involved in those responses to develop adequate strategies and improve sheep welfare at weaning. However, Cockram et al. (EAAP), Warsaw, Poland, 31 Aug.-4 Sep., 21, 369. Weaning involves several stressors for ewes and lambs, including: (1) emotional response provoked by the end of the mother-lamb bond; (2) the end of suckling/nursing, a pleasant activity that stimulates the delivery of hormones and neurotransmitters that induce relaxed and calm status; (3) in the case of precocious weaned lambs, milk consumption from artificial teats; (4) artificial weaning also involves an acute change in the lambs' nutrition, as milk is completely replaced by solid food (Weary et al., 2008) or by milk replacer, which has a lower nutritional value (Sevi et al., 2009); (5) the loss of the mother, the first social bond and primary source of social learning, including social organisation and behavioural patterns of the species (Mepham and Kuhn, 1994); (6) changes in the physical and social environment, since lambs are commonly housed in a new environment, often with unknown conspecifics (Weary et al., 2008; Sevi et al., 2009; Freitas-de-Melo and Ungerfeld, 2016a); in some sheep systems, weaning is followed by transportation, another significant stressor (Tadich et al., 2009); (7) the end of nursing might induce inflammation of the ewes' udder, as reported in beef cows (Ungerfeld et al., 2015). The idea is that "on the lam" is used to try and escape somebody who was trying to beat you (or use the original verb meaning of lam). 61, 595611. 39, 231244.
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