what caused the anglophone crisis pdf

Ambazonia Indeed, the Cameroon Development Corporation reduced its operational capacity to 26%24 and recorded a net loss of Franc CFA 32 billion (around $55.3 million) during the 2018 fiscal year (Mbodiam 2020; Kindzeka 2019). In response, most educational institutions have been abandoned, keeping over 780,000 children out of school. Consequently, primary school to university attendance dropped drastically with implications for enrolment to write the General Certificate of Education Ordinary and Advanced Levels.19 In 2017, enrolment for the General Certificate of Education Ordinary and Advanced Levels dropped by 28% increasing to 75% in 2019some students have relocated to study in the crisis-free regions. 2000; Fig. But as long as there are uneven and divided power relations in the conflict area, it may be difficult for aid agencies to access donor funding. On the other hand, the restrictive measures imposed by the government to control the virus increased the suffering of the populace. The Anglophone crisis is characterised by human rights violations. Arguably, the increase of complex emergencies in developing countries can be attributed to resource wars that are driven by social, economic, and ethnic grievances (Duffield 1994), in association with other multi-causal factors such as lingering poverty, climate change effects, changing demographic trends, reversal of development aspirations, and challenges in post-conflict recovery (Macias 2013). IIE-SRF responds to rise in applications from Cameroon. WebThe union between the English and French-speaking regions of Cameroon has exploded into a violent crisis, questioning the legitimacy of the central government of the country. The armed conflict in the Northwest and Southwest regions of Cameroon erupted about four years ago and has caused enormous loss of lives and property (2). Fig.4D4D shows the potential damage of roads per kilometre of lava flow. The risk of atrocities will continue if the root causes of the conflict, including poor quality of government services, weak governance and marginalization of parts of the population by a highly centralized state, remain unaddressed. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. WebAmbazonia. The Anglophone Crisis in Cameroon: Unmasking This was followed by the detention of Anglophone leaders in January 2017 (Cameroon Anglophone Civil Society Consortium) and sporadic denial of internet service in the Anglophone regions. According to Lazar (2019), the levels of distrust in the security forces have increased sharply in the Anglophone regions since 2015 from 22 to 62%. The terrified population has respected orders to boycott schools and violate administrative orders. In-depth assessment of volcanic eruption hazards involves a process of identifying past volcanic system behaviour in order to infer future behaviour requiring the acquisition of all relevant geophysical information relevant to forecast an imminent eruption scenario (Molist 2017). We believe there is still enough time to avert a full-blown civil war in the Cameroons if the government can embark on a peaceful path towards resolving the crisis. 8 millio. Edstrom (1999) reported that while economic crisis are the result of sudden, unanticipated shocks, political crisis are usually expected given the behavior of political agents. Furthermore, palaces have been attacked and looted. Causes of the Conflict. This article uses the Robert Strauss Centres complex emergency framework as a benchmark to investigate the Anglophone crisis in order to assess whether the prevailing variables, factors, and consequences of the 4-year-old conflict can be conceptualised as a complex emergency. WebAnglophone Crisis. Governments overreaction is jeopardising the decent work of the non-governmental organisations with implications for the survival of the affected population. Marzoli A, Picirillo E, Renne P, Bellieni G, Iacumin M, Nyobe J, Tongwa A. In the north, the Boko Haram conflict has caused a humanitarian crisis. CAMEROON - ACAPS PDF Cameroon: Social, Economic Consequences of the Anglophone Crisis The recommendations challenge Cameroons DM frameworks and both internal and external humanitarian actors to embrace and expand their knowledge base on potentially more complex humanitarian crises. GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE The militias have allegiance to different Cameroon diaspora organisations purportedly sponsoring them. The conflict restricted movement in the Anglophone region. In February 2018, armed men killed the supreme chief of the Balondo people in Ekondo Titi (South West Region). On January 17, 2017, the government shut down Internet access in the restive region for 93 days to curtail dissent amongst the population. The analysis in the previous section has revealed the high likelihood of a volcanic eruption on Mt. This is compatible with the view of complex emergency adopted in this article. WebThe current economic impact of the Anglophone crisis in Cameroon brings back painful memories to the people of Northwest and southwest of Cameroon. Mt. Anglophone Crisis PDF Government security forces have been accused of using excessive force, extrajudicial killings, torture, and ill-treatment of suspected separatists and detainees. More international pressure is needed for the opposing sides to make concessions in order to reverse the spiral of violence and eventually stop the conflict. Some took the form of a protracted crises syndrome5, a recurring crises syndrome6, and a contiguum syndrome7 (Grunewald 2012). Cameroons Employers Association estimated that the formal economy of the region had lost around 6434 jobs by July 2018 and a further 8000 jobs were at risk. Located along the Atlantic Ocean, it shares its borders with the Central African Republic, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and Nigeria. Anglophone secessionist groups are demanding an independent Ambazonia Republic (GRID 2019). This research has revealed the following ramifications of the Anglophone crisis: armed conflict between several secessionist militia groups and government security forces resulting to thousands of fatalities, massive population displacement leading to internally displaced persons and refugees, and violence, insecurity, and human rights violations. WebThe socio-political crisis that began in October 2016 in the Anglophone North- west and Southwest regions mutated into armed conflict at the end of 2017. The national dialogue held in October 2019 to end the crisis has not yielded much fruits. The Anglophone crisis has compounded pre-existing vulnerabilities and has substantially eroded the long-term livelihoods and coping strategies of the affected population, including the local asset/resource base of the region and country. Anglophone Crisis The 3rd objective of this research has been achieved by doing a volcanic risk assessment. 7A single country engulfed in different conflicts or have different conflict levels in its different regions. This report consolidates information from a wide range of available secondary data sources on the Anglophone crisis in Cameroon, including UN agencies, NGOs, the World Bank, A number of recommendations have been suggested to that effect. Consequently, having knowledge and understanding of the longer-term dynamics of the acute complex emergency and how it can be transformed into a CDE is critical. FOIA - Acute high-intensity conflict: level is higher than the countrys baseline of violent events, - Concentrated forms of conflict-induced displacement: refugees and IDP settlements, - Short-term distribution for displaced persons, - Open negotiation of a humanitarian access with all the conflict actors, - High coordination between the NGOs and agencies, events higher than the country baseline of recorded events and fatalities, Acute disasters lasting 1 to 15 days (flood, drought, storm, insect infestation, wildfire), High poverty headcount ratio at $1.25 a day (PPP) (% of population), Multiple ethnic groups Demographic pressure, - Chronic, low intensity of armed and fatal political violence, - Vulnerability to climate change-induced hazards, - High level of poverty: marginalised region, - Medium-to-high level of displacement: internal, short term, and circular, - Chronic food insecurity: collapse of market and price hikes, Continued presence in the region and food aid, - Aid to facilitate the resumption of agricultural activities, - Aid for long-term adaptation to climate change, - Plan for integration of conflict parties, Low and persistent level of violent events recorded over 5 years, High level of climate-related hazard exposure, Chronic and long-lasting disasters of over 15 days (drought, floods) with protracted impacts on climate features (rainfall patterns, etc. Considering the last major eruption was in 1999/2000, we posit that Mt. The Anglophone Crisis has its roots in the colonial heritage of Cameroon and events that date back to the early 1960s. 2018). The Church should heal its divides so as to be a neutral arbiter that can broker peace. The assessment has been done using a Likert scalelow relevance (value 1) to extremely relevant (value 4) (Table (Table2).2). Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. In view of the ongoing conflict, it will be vital to set up security corridors in case of urgent evacuation. The objectives are fourfold: (1) to establish the consequences of the Anglophone crisis, (2) to ascertain the status of the Anglophone crisis as a potential complex emergency, (3) to analyse the risk of an imminent Mt. There are many forms of aggression. Box 39, Bambili, North West Region Cameroon. Civil unrest in Nepal triggered by squabbles between political parties directly impacted the countrys disaster risk management and response preparedness (Dominguez 2015). It is one of the most active players in that countrys civil conflict, known as the Anglophone Crisis. and transmitted securely. The conflict is becoming more complex, entrenched, and likely to be protracted since many actors are involved.27 The conflict may escalate into a full-blown revolutionary war if many Anglophones loose fundamental trust in the state. The eruption could be associated with earthquakes and be explosive and could produce voluminous lava flows. Webing plagued by a terrible crisis. The most probable type of complex emergency is the acute complex emergency since this has the highest score (36) compared to the other types of complex emergencies. There is rampant open-air defecation enabling the possible spread of diseases in the crowded living conditions in the bushes. Before Cameroons Anglophone crisis: how to get to talks? Boko Haram violent Etremism in the Far North Region Anglophone crisis in the Nort and South West Regions Draughts and floods in the Northern Regions Economic crisis Non-governmental organisations operating in the conflict zone have rightfully condemned human rights violations. Anglophone Forcefully released poisonous gasses from Lake Nyos killed 1746 people and 8500 livestock, caused 4500 internally displaced persons, and affected more than 20,000 people (Bang 2012). The Anglophone crisis in Cameroon is growing deadlier. WebRESOLVING THE ANGLOPHONE CONFLICT IN CAMEROON: WHAT PROSPECTS? The conflict is complicated. Complex emergencies are acute situational crises associated with war and strife resulting to significant fatalities, large population displacement, and shortages of basic human needs (Salama et al. Thousands of people have fled to the predominantly French-speaking region and across the border into Nigeria. Likewise, communities perceived to be in support of the security forces are at the mercy of the militia groups. European Scientific Journal ESJ. The Anglophone Crisis Cameroon is a huge elliptical stratovolcano with a height of 4095 m above sea level and an area of about 3000 km2 that straddles the continental margin at the Gulf of Guinea in the South West Region. Content analysis was underpinned by systematically searching, finding, reviewing, appraising, evaluating, synthesising, and triangulating primary and secondary information contained in documents (Krippendorff 2004). It is therefore not surprising that the humanitarian actors on the scene are struggling to cope with the speed and rising scale of destitution, hunger, and displacement. Cameroon (Thierry et al. Cameroon is a lower-middle-income country with a population of over 27.2 million (2021). THE Afro Barometer: Cameroons linguistic divide deepens to rift on questions of democracy, trust, national identity. All the seven legalised Anglophone teachers trade unions18 launched a campaign to abolish the unfair treatment of the English/Anglo-Saxon education sub-system in Cameroon. Description. These regions of Cameroon have been restive since 2016 in what is popularly referred to as the Anglophone crisis. Cameroon, a deepening but neglected crisis. One of Africas newest struggles for liberation: Cameroons Anglophone crisis, which emerged from legal and education grievances in 2016, rapidly escalated 2016). As of December 2018, an estimated 34% of health facilities in both regions were not functioning (Craig 2020). Women and girls sexual and reproductive health and rights Even when mistakes have been made and civil unrest has metamorphosed into armed conflicts, as is the case of the Anglophone crisis, it is wise to speedily resolve them so that the conflicts are not protracted. Often, foreign humanitarian actors are involved only in complex emergencies. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Contemporary data on political freedom in the crisis region is staggering. WebGSJ: Volume 8, Issue 11, November 2020, Online: ISSN 2320-9186 WebThe union between the English and French-speaking regions of Cameroon has exploded into a violent crisis, questioning the legitimacy of the central government of the country. Introduction. While the economic effects are gloomy for Cameroon, some individuals, interest groups, and a few institutions have benefited.

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