Jackman, R. W. (1976). Operation Guitar Boy, the attempted counter-coup in Ghana, was an example of this kind of unrest. Routledge. In October, the U.N.s Guterres cited three main reasons for the increase in coups in 2021: strong geopolitical divides between nations; the COVID-19 pandemics economic and social impact on countries; and, finally, the U.N. Security Councils inability to take strong measures in response to coups. PDF Version Also Available for Download. A survey of voting intentions in 16 African countries found that, in countries with few dominant parties, voters preferred certain parties not because they support the policies of the parties, but because the voters are afraid of being punished by elected officials after the election. Page 111 note 4 Uganda, , Birth of the Second Republic (Entebbe, 1971).Google Scholar. Hachette UK. Gyimah-Boadi, E. (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31427-8_2, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31427-8_2, eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0). , Political Order in Changing Societies, 13th edn, London: Yale University Press, 1977. In Burkina Faso, an attack in November 2021 led to the coup in January 2022. cit. Relying mainly on secondary data, this chapter revisits the dominant theoretical orientations and interrogates their continued relevance for the explanation of the military in African politics. In a televised news conference on 23 November Vieira assured the citizenry that the situation was "under control" and deplored any attempt to seize power by the force of arms. 2012. Souare, Issaka K. 2006. These show how likely more coups are and what needs to change to prevent them. IDS Working Paper No. cit. A group of Nigerian Islamic scholars who met Niger's coup leader have said the general has agreed to hold direct talks and resolve a standoff with West African leaders. 1901), Lexpertise universitaire, lexigence journalistique, Photo by Florent Vergnes/AFP via Getty Images, Kit de communication pour les institution membres. (2020). Adekanye, Bayo J. The other is the societys rising support for military rule as a form of government. Canadian Journal of Political Science 5 (1): 1972. Understanding contemporary Africa. "coreDisableEcommerce": false, This region has experienced a migration, The purpose of the study was to understand the effectiveness of a military intervention in dealing with dictatorship. Page 105 note 1 The important question of what is a military rgime has hardly been touched upon by most analysts. They tolerate local politics and authoritarianism as long as their strategic advantage is served. (ed. Coup perpetrators must also be within the state apparatus, which excludes takeovers largely directed by foreign governments. American Political Science Review, 76(1), 6074. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. On the night of 13 January 1963, Togo's President Sylvanus Olympio was shot dead by rebels in the first military coup staged in Africa. Simple and complex typologies of civilmilitary relations and of military coups have been constructed; statistical data both hard and soft has been marshalled and subjected to factor and regression analysis, in order to validate general or middle-range theories of military intervention. A comparative analysis of the political and economic performance of military and civilian regimes: A cross-national aggregate study. Cambridge University Press. After the Cold War, a neoliberal democratic programme was inaugurated in Africa. J. Craig Jenkins and Augustine J. Kposowa, Explaining Military Coups dtat: Black Africa, 19571984. This was the fifth military coup d'tat since the country gained independence from . Finer, S. E. (1962). Social Dynamics: A Journal of African Studies, 40 (2): 322337. On 26 July 2023, a coup d'tat occurred in the Republic of the Niger when the country's presidential guard detained president Mohamed Bazoum, and presidential guard commander general Abdourahamane Tchiani proclaimed himself the leader of a new military junta, shortly after confirming the coup a success.. Military Coups and Military Rgimes in Africa | The Journal of Modern Soldiers are dying. cit. Page 126 note 1 See Willame's, Jean-Claude full-scale study, Patrimonialism and Political Change in the Congo (Stanford, 1972),Google Scholar especially ch. Politicians in uniform: military governments and social change in the Third World. Why are coups making a comeback in Africa? | CNN The causes of conflicts in Africa are many and they frequently recur, including major causes of potential tensions and conflicts, which could perhaps be summarised and classified below. Page 107 note 2 See the cautionary remark made by Banks, A. S. and Textor, R. B., A Cross Polity Survey (Cambridge, 1963), p. 96.Google Scholar Recent statistics on military forces in Africa and their budgets are to be found in the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, World Military Expenditures, 1970 (Washington, 1971).Google Scholar, Page 107 note 3 For some conclusions based on assumptions of modernisation of groups in Africa, see Melson, Robert and Wolpe, Howard, Modernization and the Politics of Communalism: a theoretical perspective, in The American Political Science Review (Berkeley), LXIV, 4, 12 1970, pp. A., & Gordon, D. L. (2007). The following table established by Adekeye Adebajo and Ismail Rashid (2004) depicts the number of military coups in West Africa along with the number of years of military rule since the post-colonial era. Indeed, a field study tour conducted in 1960- 1 - the year of independence as it has been called - to investigate the place of the armed forces in societies in Africa did not provide the evidence on which to forecast the eventual spate of coups. pp. At the same time the Organisation for African Unity discussed proposals covering measures to prevent the spread of coups or the legitimation of military regimes, however no common policy was produced. p. 100). Lanham, MD: University Press of America. The latest Afrobarometer data shows that support for democracy has fallen in the last year. pp. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. Frempong, A. K. D. (2017). ), The politics of the developing areas. It must be emphasized that it is an understatement to say that military coups were in vogue in Africa between the 1950s and the late-1980s. First came Mali, in August 2020. Helidah Ogude, Coups in West Africa: A Reflection of deficiencies in Africas electoral democracies? Economic Intelligence April 4, 2012. Like coups in the post-independence era, recent coups in West Africa also have foreign fingerprints. Gabon In July 2019, some military officers seized power in the Central African country. Powell told VOA that a recent coup can signal a breakdown of politics-as-usual, a change in power dynamics that prompts future counter-coups as a result of rivalries within the army. Foreign influence and strategic competition make coups more likely to occur. , 1962. 2006. If politics is understood as authoritative allocation of values, then all participants in the political process intervene in politics at one point or another. Printed from Oxford Research Encyclopedias, Politics. Luqman Saka and A. J. Omede, The Faltering Prospect of Crafting Stable Civil-Military Relations in Africas Emerging Democracies., Tukumbi Lumumba-Kasongo, The problematic of Liberal Democracy and Democratic Process: Lessons for Deconstructing and Building African Democracies., Luqman Saka and A. J. Omede, The Faltering Prospect of Crafting Stable CivilMilitary Relations in Africas The cases of Guinea and Mali are illustrative of this broader trend. And once in power, the officer corps' performance has been examined in order to generate insights into its propensity to serve as a modernising or developmental agent. TITLE AND SUBTITLE The Impact of Military Coups d'etat on West Africa's Socio-Economic and Political Development 5a. Page 121 note 3 Price, , World Politics, pp. Coups were most prevalent in 1966, when seven took place. The studys findings suggest that people in sub-Saharan Africa are fed up with their governments for many reasons, including security threats, humanitarian disasters and lack of prospects. Military role vs. military rule: allocations to military activities. Page 120 note 5 Nordlinger, loc. American Political Science Review, 72(4), 12621275. Publishing Postcolonial Africa: Nigeria and Ekehs Two Publics a Generation After. A month later, it was Sudan. Journal of Democracy, 12(2), 103117. A look at the history of coups in West Africa suggests some recurring themes as causes. For the survey respondents, the solution appears to be to welcome the military to intervene. One-party rule and military dictatorship in Africa. Yoweri K. Museveni, What is Africas Problem? Threats to democracy in Africa: The rise of the constitutional coup Nelkin, Dorothy, The Economic and Social Setting of Military Takeovers in Africa, in Journal of Asian and African Studies (Leiden), II, 1968, p. 231Google Scholar: in every country, the issues which best account for the case of military access to power, relate to economic circumstances and their social consequences. The monarchy of King Farouk, who was criticized for corruption and failures in the Arab-Israeli war, was forced to abdicate and relinquish power to General Muhammed Naguib. and But there are two intertwined characteristics that differentiate Africa from the rest of the world. Politics in Ghana, 19721979. The African Union Peace and Security Council said in 2014 that unconstitutional changes of government often originate from deficiencies in governance along with greed, selfishness, mismanagement of diversity, mismanagement of opportunity, marginalization, abuse of human rights, refusal to accept electoral defeat, manipulation of constitution[s], as well as unconstitutional review of constitution[s] to serve narrow interests and corruption.. Ghanas uncertain political opening. . State institutions are not able to tackle their expansion throughout the region. The first military coup in Africa took place in Egypt on July 23, 1952. Niger coup: why an Ecowas-led military intervention is unlikely. 1975. A Theory of Military Dictatorships. Powell told VOA this is because Africa tends to have many of the conditions that are normally associated with coups. Hosted by the Stellenbosch University Library and Information Service, Copyright 2023 Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies. For one justification of the coup, see General Ocran's letter in West Africa, 11 February 1972. Movements that attempt to overthrow an entire government and which are led by those not connected to power, such as rebellions or mass protests, are not included. In The Role of the Military in Underdeveloped World, ed. [PDF] Understanding the Root Causes of Military Coups and Governmental 2 The link was not copied. Deutsch, K. W. (1961). To become a member of a group in the psychological sense implies the internalization of its central norms and values for to be a member implies certain modes of thought and behavior., Page 121 note 4 Ocran, K. A., A Myth is Broken (London, 1968),Google Scholar and Afrifa, A. Cultural Pluralism, Modernization and Conflict. Waiting for the next elections to take place to change government does not seem to them to be a good option. Of the 37 countries analysed, there were 11 where support for military dictatorship was decreasing and 26 where this figure was on the rise. Economics Letters 100: 442444. Garca, S. E., & Echeverra, M. P. D. (2018). The American Journal of Sociology 79 (4): 871887. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Fifteen of the 20 countries topping the 2021 Fragile States Index created by the Fund for Peace are in Africa. Inter-state borders. Jackman, Robert. Besley, Timothy, and James A. Robinson. During the Cold War in particular, there was effectively an unwritten rule saying if you controlled the capital, you were recognized as legitimate, said Powell. Accessed on May 11, 2022 https://presidency.gov.gh/index.php/briefing-room/speeches/1857-jerry-john-rawlings-tribute-by-nana-addodankwa-akufo-addo. The conditions under which coups occur are dynamic. Sweden: The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. 412). Eke, Daniel Okwuchi. Murat nder, What Accounts for Military Intervention Muammar Gaddafis legacy: A domestic & intellectual approach. P. F. Gorman, Internal Defense and the Less Developed Countries. Common to many conflicts is the unsatisfactory nature of inter-state borders. The 1974 Coup dtat in Niger: Towards an explanation. Timothy Besley, and James A. Robinson, Civilian Control Over the Military, Journal of the European Economic Association, Vol. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, The Palgrave Handbook of African Politics, Governance and Development, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95232-8_13, http://blogs.premiumtimesng.com/?p=166541, http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/2015/10/africa-in-the-grip-of-tenure-elongation-seekers/, http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/jan/17/patrice-lumumba-50th-anniversary-assessination, https://doi.org/10.1080/02533952.2014.948657, Political Science and International Studies, Political Science and International Studies (R0). See, for example, Welch, Claude E., The Roots and Implications of Military Intervention, in his Soldier and State in Africa (Evanston, 1970), pp. , International Journal of Politics and Good Governance, Vol. Growth of Military StatesAs late as 1961 the African image had not been tarnished to any great extent by the incidence of military coups. Explaining Military Coups dtat: Black Africa, 19571984. The Man on the Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics. Goita claimed the move violated the terms of the new government. Despite some gains, democracy remains largely cosmetic, and the conditions that cause coups persist. In: Abidde, S.O., Kumah-Abiwu, F. (eds) The Political Impact of African Military Leaders. They might equally (as First, , The Barrel of a Gun, pp. The latest power grabs in Africa have raised concerns that the region could be backsliding from its progress toward greater democracy. Voice of the Arabs Radio: Its effects and political power during the Nasser Era (19531967). Economic Intelligence April 4, 2012. (2011). , January 12, 2015, http://blogs.premiumtimesng.com/?p=166541 (Accessed December 2, 2015). Oropo, Kamal Tayo. 2001. Wilmot, Patrick. This can be seen to be largely motivated by the insecurity many civilian governments in Africa were experiencing and was to some considerable extent intended to be an object lesson to aspiring military commanders. Nigerias Southern Africa Policy, 19601988. Onder, Murat. crivez un article et rejoignez une communaut de plus de 169 100 universitaires et chercheurs de 4 692 institutions. 429 -32 suggests)Google Scholar be intent on increasing their own share of the spoils, or as Decalo suggests in Coups and Army Rule in Africa: Studies in Military Style, p. 21 Google Scholar, be seeking vain personal glory. Those with higher level of education, according to survey data, show higher level of democratic endorsement. Hence the civilmilitary coalition in Upper Volta, the civilianised Togolese rgime, and the largely personal cliques of General Idi Amin in Uganda, and General Jean-Bedel Bokassa in the Central African Republic, have been dealt with as part and parcel of the same phenomena of military rgimes, while the growing influence of the military in Gabon and Guinea has been left outside the scope of research. Samuel E. Finer, The Man on the Horseback: The Role of the Military in Politics, London: Pall Mall Press, 1962. The Predictability of Coups dtat: A Model with African Data. 2010. military takeover, civil wars, economic debt and famine mount. Oxford University Press. Across the continent, several sitting presidents have tampered with constitutional terms to stay longer in power, in just over a decade. Military Coups and Military Regimes in Africa A. Jordan. Respondents were asked about the extent of their support for military rule as a form of government plus a number of other potential explanatory questions such as perception of corruption, governing and opposition parties performance, economy evaluation and socio-demographic issues like their level of education. Toward Explaining Military Intervention in Latin-American Politics. Luckham, Robin. Today . Oquaye, M. (1980). Similarly, 12 of the 20 coups in the sub-region since 2010 happened there. The latest successful putsch in Burkina Faso came on the heels of two attempted ones, in 2015 and 2016. New York: Fredrick A Preager Publishers. Guinea: The Causes and Consequences of West Africa's Latest Coup - CSIS Luqman Saka, and A. J. Omede, The Faltering Prospect of Crafting Stable Civil-Military Relations in Africas Emerging Democracies PubMedGoogle Scholar, Department of History and Political Science, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA, Department of Africana Studies, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA, 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Darkwa, S.K. World Politics 20 (1): 83110. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.
Class Of 2027 Baseball Rankings Illinois,
White County, Tn Population,
Articles C
