8600 Rockville Pike Theory of reasoned/responsible action. Przydatek G, Kanownik W. Impact of small municipal solid waste landfill on groundwater quality. Alimba CG, Gandhi D, Sivanesan S, Bhanarkar MD, Naoghare PK, Bakare AA, Krishnamurthi K. Chemical characterization of simulated landfill soil leachates from Nigeria and India and their cytotoxicity and DNA damage inductions on three human cell lines. Alam R, Ahmed Z, Howladar MF. Due to its widespread use, it is important to examine environmental pollution and health issues related with the landfills that have emerged across the world presently (Domingo et al. Landfill construction and management have ecological impacts that can lead to modifications in the landscape, habitat loss, and wildlife displacement. Available at: US EPA, (2017). This study aimed at assessing the environmental pollution and health effects associated with waste landfilling. Pollution of the environment through dumping of waste is associated with health issues on a long-term basis. These raise a more severe issue presenting tremendous problems to the societies, both developed and developing. Improper Waste Disposal is a Deadly Practice Soil, water and air pollution can all be a result of improper waste disposal and occurs when either of them becomes contaminated with hazardous materials. (2015) focused on landfill waste and its influence on health outcomes. Can contamination of the environment by dioxins cause craniofacial defects? The degradation of waste in the landfill results in the production of leachate and gases. Hazardous/Toxic Waste 10. In addition, the operations carried out at the landfills have been associated with contamination of the underground water sources through the produced landfill leachate. Inadequate Waste Management Investment 6. The review of information showed that landfills are associated with air, water, and land pollution problems around the world. Adamcov et al. This is apparent when you consider how improper waste disposal affects the environment. Infiltration of groundwater and water supply contamination are prevalent. Xu Y, Xue X, Dong L, Nai C, Liu Y, Huang Q. In addition to these design specifications, hazardous waste landfills undergo inspection multiple times a year to ensure that the facility is according to the latest high standards (Hazardous Waste Experts 2019; US EPA 2022). The rationale for the increased use of landfills is the environmental protection and prevention of pollutants entering the soil and, in turn, the underground water. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Plant Death 4. In addition, various designs and engineering methods are implemented since this is considered an important step in ensuring that there is no environmental contamination from the solid waste disposed in the sanitary landfills. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Developing better handling techniques, inventing new products for recycled materials, and finding new markets for them still remain crucial problems for the recycling sector (Hahladakis and Aljabri 2019; Hahladakis and Iacovidou 2018, 2019; Hahladakis et al. For instance, developing the landfills implies that some 30300 animal species are lost in every hectare. Apart from the health consequences that improper ventilation has on a person's physical health, it can also negatively impact one's cognitive functions. Different terms have been used in the search field areas, like Water landfilling AND Health impacts OR Uncontrolled filling AND environment Health impacts OR Opened dump sites AND Health OR Landfills OR Pollution OR Dumpsite Environmental issues OR Health issues OR Waste management. The produced results were narrowed down to include the last 10 years of publication from 2010 to 2020 to have an updated and critical review. A dump is considered as an opening on the ground that is used for burying trash (Gavrilescu et al. Kazour M, Terki S, Rabhi K, Jemaa S, Khalaf G, Amara R. Sources of microplastics pollution in the marine environment: importance of wastewater treatment plant and coastal landfill. Most of these liquids may contain contaminants that could result into corrosion of the liner system and/or contaminate the soil. 2017). This places e-waste workers, their families and communities in greater danger of adverse health effects from e-waste recycling. Yang et al. Ziraba AK, Haregu TN, Mberu B. Ali SM, Pervaiz A, Afzal B, Hamid N, Yasmin A. When you throw your garbage, it doesn't automatically disappear in your bins. Available at: Jayawardhana Y, Kumarathilaka P, Herath I, Vithanage M. Chapter 6 - Municipal solid waste biochar for prevention of pollution from landfill leachate. Majolagbe A, Oketola A, Osibanjo O, Adams A, Ojuri O. In addition, it may result in safety hazards from fires or explosions. Industrial waste landfills. This study investigates the household waste practices and perceptions about waste management in Panji . Municipal leachates health risks: chemical and cytotoxicity assessment from regulated and unregulated municipal dumpsites in Lebanon. Plastic is not biodegradable, meaning it will never decompose and can have adverse effects on the environment if left to linger in landfills or waterways. Causes Of Improper Waste Disposal Watch on Improper Waste Disposal Caused By The Use Of Plastic Bags Humans are making a terrible mistake by using plastic bags for waste disposal. Usually, these PTEs are present in trace levels in the naturally produced water, but the key challenge is that some of these PTEs are equally toxic even at low concentration levels. This is important to ensure that the surrounding land area does not collapse. Paul et al. As for the last branch, the lack of awareness is one of the causes of improper waste disposal. (2018) found that uncontrolled leak of leachate from landfills drastically increased the concentration of various PTEs in the soil which interacted with the crops grown there. This is obtained via a two way procedure: (a) application of a clay liner to ensure waste does not leave the landfill (sanitary landfills) and (b) application of synthetic liners, including plastic, to ensure that the landfilled waste is separated from the land (municipal landfill) (Mmereki et al. After the waste is disposed in landfills, they are compacted to fill the entire area before being buried (Joshi et al. The overall system provides, also, a conducive environment for microorganisms to decompose the existing waste. Children living closer to the landfills showed lower levels of lysozyme associated with exposure to CH4 and H2S and lower SIgA levels associated with H2S and NH3. Vaverkov MD, Adamcov D, Zloch J, Radziemska M, Boas Berg A, Vobrkov S, Maxianov A. Children are often engaged by parents or caregivers in e-waste recycling because their small hands are more dexterous than those of adults. Attention should be paid in developing and developed countries, where unsustainable solid waste management is prevalent. (2014), landfill pollution is traditionally classified in several aspects. In: Fishbein M, editor. 2014). Gworek B, Dmuchowski W, Koda E, Marecka M, Baczewska HA, Brgoszewska P, Sieczka A, Osiski P. Impact of the municipal solid waste ubna landfill on environmental pollution by heavy metals. Effects of improper waste disposal to the environment 1. A slightly more advanced breakdown would differentiate between inland and marine waters, surface and groundwater, and troposphere and stratosphere, and perhaps, considering the satellites and other types of debris, we should probably add outer space, as well. These issues result to fires and explosions, vegetation harm, unpleasant odors, landfill settlement, groundwater pollution, air pollution, and worldwide warming in addition to potential health risks (Sharifi et al. Available at: He P, Chen L, Shao L, Zhang H, L F. Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill: a source of microplastics? 2017). Uncollected solid waste can also obstruct the runoff of storm water, leading to the formation of stagnant water bodies that become the diseases breeding ground. Paul S, Choudhury M, Deb U, Pegu R, Das S, Bhattacharya SS. Assou M, Madenzi A, Abdelkader A, Aboulhassan MA, Souabi S, Hafidi M. Reducing pollution of stabilized landfill leachate by mixing of coagulants and flocculants: a comparative study. A sanitary landfill is simply a pit whose bottom is protected with a lining so that waste and other forms of trash are buried in layers, thus making it more solid/stable. (2014) conducted a study on chemical pollution and toxicity of water samples from stream receiving leachate from a controlled MSW landfill. Upon contact with water, some contaminants dissolve and leach into the soil and contaminate the underwater table. Uncontrolled dumping and improper waste handling causes a variety of problems, including contaminating water, attracting insects and rodents, and increasing flooding due to blocked drainage canals or gullies. A research by Abd El-Salam and Abu-Zuid (2015) on the effect of waste leachate on soil quality in Egypt proposed the need to adjust variables to enhance anaerobic biodegradation leading to leachate stability in relation to ongoing groundwater surveillance and leachate therapy procedures. 2018). 2018). For drinking and crop irrigation, excess dissolved solids render the water undesirable (Jayawardhana et al. Sharifi Z, Hossaini SMT, Renella G. Risk assessment for sediment and stream water polluted by heavy metals released by a municipal solid waste composting plant. While the concentration of these pollutants have been published to be lower than regulatory limits, any exposure to land fill gases (LFG) such as those of H2S and NH4, even at lower concentrations, had a negative impact on the respiratory system and the general immunity of children living near the landfill. From the environmental point of view, the pollution from open dumping of . Melnyk et al. In turn, this land may be reclaimed and used for other reasons. Giusti L. A review of waste management practices and their impact on human health. Municipal waste (also known as trash or garbage) is composed of all solid or semi-solid state waste and mostly includes domestic or household waste. Various Causes and Effects of Soil Contamination Soil contamination is the improper disposal of chemicals such as artificial hydrocarbons, toxic waste, heavy metals, and agro-chemicals among other deadly substances into the natural soil environment due to human activities and industrialization. Duan H, Wang J, Huang Q. Some of the landfill gases expose people that live around the area of such establishments with respiratory infections (Cucchiella et al. Still, there isnt always a place nearby people live, which means finding an alternative such as burning or burying becomes a problem. 2015). Kalkov et al. Triassi et al. (2019) reported in his study that municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment in Bangladesh had a large impact on the environment. Here are some examples of land pollution: . Hazardous Waste Experts, (2019). Huda et al. Vrijheid (2000) reported on the health issues that are related with people living closer to landfilling. Open dumping of municipal solid waste and its hazardous impacts on soil and vegetation diversity at waste dumping sites of Islamabad city. Children and Digital Dumpsites calls for effective and binding action by exporters, importers and governments to ensure environmentally sound disposal of e-waste and the health and safety of workers, their families and communities; to monitor e-waste exposure and health outcomes; to facilitate better reuse of materials; and to encourage the manufacture of more durable electronic and electrical equipment. 2016). Untreated sewage from municipal wastewater systems and septic tanks in untreated fields contribute important amounts of nutrients, suspended solids, dissolved solids, petroleum, metals/metalloids (As, Hg, Cr, Pb, Fe, and Mn), and biodegradable organic carbon to the water ecosystem. E-waste volumes are surging globally. Due to the widespread use of landfilling, even as of today, it is imperative to examine any environmental- and/or health-related issues that have emerged. (2019) reported that illegal landfilling has adverse health effects on people living near the landfills and that it is more harmful to children, as their immune systems are still developing and because they spend most of the time outside their homes. Constructing landfills may have an adverse influence in the life of fauna and flora. Arajo YRV, de Gis ML, Junior LMC, Carvalho M. Carbon footprint associated with four disposal scenarios for urban pruning waste. The significance of environmental factors to the health and well-being of human populations is increasingly apparent. Landfills are, also, associated with pollution of the underground water, especially when the lining at the bottom is not sufficient to prevent leakage of the waste and a large body of literature supports this. As part of the gaseous emissions, NOx triggers photochemical smog and contributes to acid rain and phytotoxic, particulate organic matter reduces photosynthetic rate and aids in photochemical smog formation, sulfur oxides cause acid rains, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) cause the formation of harmful ground-level ozone. They should be taking more care in properly disposing of these wastes to keep our planet safe for all living things. Improper waste disposal is the disposal of waste in a way that has negative consequences for the environment. 2017). Qasim SR, Chiang W (2017) Sanitary landfill leachate: generation, control and treatment. Flawed Regulations and Laws 8. The present study seeks to determine the environmental pollution and health effects associated with waste landfilling by adopting a desk review design. The different types of pollutants can be classified into inorganic, organic, or biological. Reinhart D, Townsend T (2018) Landfill bioreactor design and operation. Mart V. Human health risk assessment of a landfill based on volatile organic compounds emission, emission and soil gas concentration measurements. Direct dumping of untreated waste in rivers, seas, and lakes can cause severe health hazards to accumulate toxic substances in the food chain through the plants and animals that feed on it. Hahladakis J, Vasilaki G, Smaragdaki E, Gidarakos E. Application of ecological risk indicators for the assessment of Greek surficial sediments contaminated by toxic metals. The effect of waste landfilling on underground water pollution is illustrated in Fig. (2018) conducted a study to find out the correlation of air pollutants associated with land filling on the respiratory health of children living in the proximity of a particular landfill in china. It is at the sanitary landfills that waste is isolated from the environment in such a way that it is rendered safe. 2017). Gas and leachate generation, mainly due to microbial decomposition, climatic circumstances, refuse features, and landfilling activities are unavoidable implications of the practice of solid waste disposal in landfills. Only when the land has been tested and proven to be safe it can be used for other purposes. Kret et al. Lack of Public Awareness 2. It was shown that living closer to landfilling areas is associated with respiratory diseases like asthma. At the same time, rainfall as well as snow may also create liquids that need to be drained out by this layer. There is, also, an emerging landfill type called green waste landfill that is, occasionally, being used. It is through a landfill that the necessary isolation of waste from the surrounding occurs. Municipal solid waste landfills. The decomposition of these materials results into release of CH4 gas (Babayemi et al. Assessment of groundwater quality around municipal solid waste landfill by using water quality index for groundwater resources and multivariate statistical technique: a case study of the landfill site, Qaem Shahr City, Iran. Indelicato S, Orecchio S, Avellone G, Bellomo S, Ceraulo L, Di Leonardo R, Di Stefano V, Favara R, Candela EG, La Pica L, Morici S, Pecoraino G, Pisciotta A, Scaletta C, Vita F, Vizzini S, Bongiorno D. Effect of solid waste landfill organic pollutants on groundwater in three areas of Sicily (Italy) characterized by different vulnerability. As per the waste hierarchy, landfilling should be the final waste management option. 18 Causes, Effects & Solutions for Waste "Capitalists make money by exploiting labor and by externalizing the costs of the wastes produced by the productive process by imposing the wastes on the environment." Paul Craig Roberts Waste: Types, Causes, Effects & Solutions Waste can be determined as unusable or unwanted materials. The development of waste landfilling affects, also, the biodiversity. The relevant articles were then downloaded and reviewed thoroughly. We understand that the corresponding author is the sole contact for the editorial process (including the editorial manager and direct communications with the office). (2013) sought to determine how disposing solid waste in landfills affects health outcomes. Improper waste disposal is one of the most common forms of pollution in our natural environment. Protection of groundwater has become a major environmental problem that needs to be addressed. Although this exclusion may be due to the nature of this study being dependent on patients information, it provides new dimension to think about personal bias or the placebo effects especially when counteracting seemingly non-threatening diseases associated with landfills, unless proved otherwise by medicinal science (Goorah et al. Gavrilescu M, Demnerov K, Aamand J, Agathos S, Fava F. Emerging pollutants in the environment: present and future challenges in biomonitoring, ecological risks and bioremediation. Children and adolescents have the right to grow and learn in a healthy environment, and exposure to electrical and electronic waste and its many toxic components unquestionably impacts that right, said Dr Maria Neira, Director, Department of Environment, Climate Change and Health, at the WHO. Despite the role played by landfills in the waste management sector, the reviewed literature showed that they are linked with environmental pollution. National Library of Medicine Inhaling any of these gases could result into throat and nose irritations that could potentially create asthma. E-waste recycling operations can cause higher levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans which may even impact on the health of next generations . Basic human needs such as clean water, clean air and safe food are jeopardized by improper waste management practices, with severe consequences for public health. Sanitary landfills provide better odor-free esthetic control. The rationale for this is to ensure that it will not come into contact with the environment. Conte M, Cagnazzo V, Donateo A, Cesari D, Grasso F, Contini D. A case study of municipal solid waste landfills impact on air pollution in south areas of Italy. CRC Press, p 352. If they do not act now, its impacts will have a devastating health effect on children and lay a heavy burden on the health sector in the years to come.. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Most of the studies carried out have revealed that landfilling has, indeed, been associated with health issues, as a result of emissions of SoC to the air. Joshi S, Ghosh P, Thakur I. 2013). Fig.2,2, knowledge on its own is not adequate enough to lead to responsible actions and behaviors towards the environment. This occurs, particularly, when the liners within the landfills are not as adequate as required. Better technological involvement in waste segregation and appropriate waste management techniques, stronger enforcement of regulations surrounding landfills, and setting up a larger concrete minimum distance for settlements are some of the necessary measures to be seriously considered and taken in the near future. Human exposure to environmental pollutants after a tire landfill fire in Spain: health risks. Although landfilling is structured with the aim of reducing waste, it may affect the three types of media previously identified and usually polluted (land, air, and water). According to the Harvard School of Public Health , a study found that workers exposed to poor indoor air quality had much lower cognitive performance scores compared to those who worked in . Sharifi et al. The commonality with all plastics is their resistance to biodegradation; this means that even after many years have passed, there will still be some type of trace leftover from our consumption habits today, which creates an environmental issue when improperly disposed of into landfills or as litter on streets where wastewater flows might take it away downstream. The key types of biological pollutants within the environment include viruses, bacteria, and/or several forms of pathogens (Marfe and Di Stefano 2016). Encouraging the environmentally sound management of C&D waste in China: an integrative review and research agenda. Fig.33. In turn, this releases toxic chemicals that leak to the underground water systems. Agricultural and industrial waste can also pose severe health hazards. Assessing the impact of hazardous waste on children's health: the exposome paradigm. Exposure to bioaerosols at open dumpsites: a case study of bioaerosols exposure from activities at Olusosun open dumpsite, Lagos Nigeria. Plant diversity in the region decreased due to the change in soil characteristics. Basic information about landfills. This growth is projected to continue as the use of computers, mobile phones and other electronics continues to expand, alongside their rapid obsolescence. This may also shed light to the fact that they are either not maintained or that release of contaminants is hard to control or monitor unless one looks for specific contaminants, Case study of the impact of the leachate on groundwater quality, which was found to be deteriorated, Groundwater quality was found to be deteriorated in 98.85% of the samples collected near the landfills. Increase in toxic metal concentration in the soil (Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr, Zn). Examples include littering,hazardous waste that is dumped into the ground,and not recycling items that should be recycled. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. This will have long-term ecological impacts on the flora and fauna in the immediate vicinity and throughout the marine ecosystem. They, also, established that as the distance from landfill increases, the effects are reduced (Xu et al. The most commonly used types of landfills are (a) municipal solid waste landfill, (b) industrial waste landfill, and (c) hazardous waste landfill. Excess suspended solids block the suns energy and thus influence the process of transformation of carbon dioxideoxygen, which is essential for maintaining the biological food chain. Njoku PO, Edokpayi JN, Odiyo JO. One of these gases is CH4. Microplastics (MPs) were found in the leachate of active and closed landfills, suggesting that the location of the landfill also plays significant role in its characteristics of releasing plastics. (2018) conducted a study on respiratory health survey of a subsurface smoldering landfill. (2013) investigated the environmental impact of landfills and concluded that landfills do, actually, play a key role (Danthurebandara et al. They concluded that several large-scale social and technological transitions are required to tackle the severe pollution problems in the coming decades (Adamcov et al. Fig.44. Most of these SoC get accumulated within supply chains, thereby largely harming the earth living organisms (Majolagbe et al. Various theories have been developed to explain the waste management and environmental conservation achieved through the establishment of landfills. (2019) performed a study in South Africa attempting to establish the link between landfills and environmental pollution. However, it was reported that most of the landfills are associated with higher levels of pollution, with periodic leachate and the gas release to the underground water, creating an alarming environmental situation. For instance, despite the existence of stiff regulations forbidding people from damping waste materials, some people still damp waste or other materials in large cities. It has been the main disposal technique of MSW in the latest decades as it is the easiest and most economical practice in many nations, especially in developing ones. Workers, aiming to recover valuable materials such as copper and gold, are at risk of exposure to over 1,000 harmful substances, including lead, mercury, nickel, brominated flame retardants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Finally, the authors of that study concluded that mismanagement of landfill is a serious danger to the environment as it inhibits sustainable development growth (Wijesekara et al. 2016). The theory of reasoned action is used to account for the time when individuals are guided by good intentions, but ensuring that these intentions are translated in good actions is affected by inadequate confidence Fig. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, https://www.hazardouswasteexperts.com/a-brief-primer-on-hazardous-waste-landfills/, https://www.iswa.org/fileadmin/galleries/About%20ISWA/ISWA_Roadmap_Report.pdf, https://archive.epa.gov/epawaste/nonhaz/municipal/web/pdf/msw2008rpt.pdf, https://www.epa.gov/landfills/municipal-solid-waste-landfills, https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2018-03/documents/ttinformation.pdf, https://www.epa.gov/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling/yard-trimmings-material-specific-data, https://www.epa.gov/landfills/basic-information-about-landfills, No suggested excess risk to the residents, Impaired hepatic health in those with occupational or environmental exposure, Potential emergence of infectious diseases, Leachates polluted the soil and surface water but did not reach the groundwater, Odor caused stress, bad mood, annoyance, and a feeling of helplessness to the people living in the vicinity of the landfill, Dust resuspension during waste separation, compaction, and coverage practices of the landfill caused the release of PM, Diseases such as asthma, flu, cough, stomach ache, and skin infections were related to the landfill, Exposure to two major waste management facilities (landfill and plastic recycling) studied. In order to keep the environment clean we should work on the major causes of improper waste disposal. All the aforementioned types should, above all, be sanitary. At the same time, the PTEs can slowly find their way through drinking water which enters the human body. (2016) investigated on MSW biochar for preventing pollution from landfill leachate. An integrated approach to study the risk from landfill soil of Delhi: chemical analyses, in vitro assays and human risk assessment. The various interactions between the tenets of ERB are summarized in Fig. For instance, in high-income economies, the degree of isolation is deemed to be very high (Ziraba et al. Of all the pollutants, greater attention has been given to PTEs (Mazza et al. Hines JM, Hungerford HR, Tomera AN. Authored by: Times Now Digital Updated Aug 20, 2023 | 08:45 PM IST
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