Research into biodynamic food and farming has a long history within the biodynamic movement. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.06.093, Paull J, Hennig B (2020) A world map of biodynamic agriculture. We can therefore conclude that BD agriculture could provide benefits to the environment and that more research and innovation activities should be undertaken in order to provide additional information to farmers, policy makers, and stakeholders about this type of organic agriculture. However, as reported by Schiller et al. When we compare the 147 publications focussing on BD agriculture with the number referring to Organic Agriculture (5498) and Integrated Agriculture (6676), we deduct that the research effort into BD agriculture carried out is indeed at an early stage of development. Significantly, higher amounts of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids in BD lettuce were detected as well, which was not the case for chicory. Despite higher yields from BD farms, authors found strong imbalances between organic and BD farms as regards nutrient flows, with high average surpluses for N, P, S, Ca, and Na, which could lead to risks of increased soil alkalinity and salinity. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 19:42144225. This might also be due to lower production costs and supply of wider range of goods and services producing income diversification in BD farms (Mansvelt et al. Indeed, in this study, disease frequency of Botrytis was significantly increased in the BD treatment as compared to the integrated treatment where botryticides were applied. 2016; Wittmayer and Schpke 2014). The results of the literature review showed that the BD method enhances soil quality and biodiversity. Finally, the comparison between organic and conventional farming showed that 22 observations found organic performed better and four found conventional agriculture did. 2016). The draft of the manuscript was written by Dr. Margherita Santoni. [2] In addition, Reeve et al. Editrice Antroposofica srl, Milano, Italia, Stockfisch N, Forstreuter T, Ehlers W (1999) Ploughing effects on soil organic matter after twenty years of conservation tillage in Lower Saxony, Germany. If such results could be obtained in BD agriculture by improving biodiversity management and nutrient cycling through animal rearing in farms or simply by applying BD preparations, the topic could be included in the research agenda. (2010) and Reeve et al. Agric Ecosyst Environ 246:306313. Agric Syst 115:117128. How Biodynamic Agriculture Works | HowStuffWorks 2007; ICEX, 2010) but, as suggested by the Greentrade marketplace (2006), the increasing number of farms shifting to BD agriculture will eventually lead to a steady convergence between conventional and BD prices. HortScience 46:324327. BD farms usually maintain vegetative buffer strips, riparian corridors and hedgerows that provide shelter to pollinators and natural predators. Furthermore, low organic fertilizer inputs lead to degradation of soil quality in organic as well as in conventional systems. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Conclusions It is the oldest, non-chemical agricultural movement and pre-dates organic agriculture by some twenty years. The number of biodynamic farms in the US is rapidly increasing, according to Elizabeth Candelario, co-director of Demeter USA, the nonprofit certifier of biodynamic farms and consumer products in. In this article, BD farming appears as the farming system with the most favorable effect on soil ecological quality, followed by organic and, finally, conventional farming. However, two studies not included in our selection suggest that preparation 500 could have the potential to stimulate plant growth (Spaccini et al. Doctoral dissertation, Universitt fr Bodenkultur, Wien, Demeter and BDA Certification (2020). Sci Rep 8https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-27743-0, Hermans F, Stuiver M, Beers PJ, Kok K (2013) The distribution of roles and functions for upscaling and outscaling innovations in agricultural innovation systems. Based on a participatory interview process this article identifies the barriers encountered by a group of Danish biodynamic farmers striving for self-sufficient farm systems with no or very little dependency on imported materials by developing biologically, economically and socially diverse farms. (2017) evaluated the concentrations of volatile thiols important for aroma and quality in wines and found that there was no difference between BD and conventional wines. 2011b). Over his lifetime, Steiner became concerned with the degradation of food produced through farming practices that increasingly relied on additions of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. Lancet Lond Engl 380:19361945. biodynamic farming. (2010), who analyzed the chemical composition of red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) in a long-term field trial. In a later study in the DOK trial (Table 2, Therwil-1), Fliebach et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2014.03.002, Stavi I, Lal R (2013) Agriculture and greenhouse gases, a common tragedy. Ecol Soc 23(2):5. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-09952-230205, Page G, Kelly T, Minor M, Cameron E (2011) Modeling carbon footprints of organic orchard production systems to address carbon trading: an approach based on life cycle assessment. 2006; Reeve et al. Organic and BD treatments were statistically indistinguishable from one another, and the additional input of BD preparations did not affect the fungal composition or richness as compared to the organic treatment. This is the first study that showed the occurrence of Bacillus larvicidal strains in a BD olive tree farm that could be used in biological control programmes. Faust et al. Morrison-Whittle et al. The conclusion will sum up the findings and aim demonstrate The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. https://doi.org/10.1093/scipol/scs114, United Nations Millennium Declaration (2000). Santoni, M., Ferretti, L., Migliorini, P. et al. (2018), beyond scientific disciplines, agroecological transition requires increasing knowledge through experiential and social learning processes within transdisciplinary epistemological research, involving farmers in all stages to cultivate new sustainable cultural approaches (Marchetti et al. Ten things worth knowing about biodynamic farming Moreover, we classified sustainability based on the United Nations Millennium Declaration (2000) in which three domains of sustainability were distinguished: environmental, economic, and social sustainability. In terms of the sustainability of the BD method, the pairwise comparisons between BD and organic farming showed that one observation found in favor of BD agriculture, 24 found equal performance and two found in favor of organic agriculture, while the comparison between BD and conventional farming showed that 28 observations found BD performed better while seven found conventional agriculture did. Thinking about a more than human world from the perspective of cultural anthropology. However, BD treatment showed a significantly higher content of primary amino acids in healthy berries during maturation compared to the integrated treatment. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR9920195, Spruijt P, Knol AB, Vasileiadou E et al (2014) Roles of scientists as policy advisers on complex issues: a literature review. This last aspect could indicate an effect of BD practice on secondary metabolites in lettuce. https://doi.org/10.1108/00070701111180319, Mder P, Fliebach A, Dubois D et al (2002) Soil fertility and biodiversity in organic farming. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The number of scientific studies investigating BD agriculture is restricted when compared to those investigating organic agriculture, which has attracted considerable interest in the scientific community. As regards soil aggregate stability, soil pH, stable organic matter formation, soil calcium and magnesium, microbial and faunal biomass (earthworm, carabids, staphylinids, and spiders), the BD system demonstrated the potential to be superior, under given circumstances, even as compared to the organic system (Mder et al. By appointment only, 8640 N.E. The outcomes of our review show BD products to be nutritionally richer than conventional counterparts. The aim of this review was to critically review the international scientific literature on BD agriculture as published in highly ranked journals, as well as to detect any lack of knowledge on relevant issues in agriculture. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2010.10.002, Nemecek T, Huguenin-Elie O, Dubois D et al (2011) Life cycle assessment of Swiss farming systems: II. (2017), high intensification of production in greenhouse systems backed by minimum compliance of BD standards led to strong imbalances in nutrient cycles. Several selected articles focus on outcomes from the well-known, 40-year-old DOK trial, which were published between 1993 and 2017 in highly ranked journals like Science. These articles report on long-term comparisons between biodynamic, organic, and two conventional arable cropping systems. 2013; Wigboldus et al. [1] [2] It was the first of the organic farming movements. (1995) who reported that BD system had the highest gross margins as compared to conventional, organic, and integrated systems. 2020). Worldwide geographical distribution (a) and focus on the Mediterranean area (b) of the articles published in peer-reviewed journals indexed on the Web of Science. (WoS) Core Collection database from 1985 until 2017. Reganold et al. cookies. no-till or reduced tillage for soil conservation farming). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2008.08.007, Christel A, Maron P-A, Ranjard L (2021) Impact of farming systems on soil ecological quality: a meta-analysis. Jonathan Frey's family had purchased a farm in Mendocino in 1959 and had planted vineyards in the 1960s to have something to claim for insurance if a dam that the federal government was building happened to flood the property. ), Heimler D, Isolani L, Vignolini P, Romani A (2009) Polyphenol content and antiradical activity of Cichorium intybus L. from biodynamic and conventional farming. 2020; Wigboldus et al. Akten XIV Int Kongresses Fr Philos 2:335340. In: Jrgensen SE, Fath BD (eds) Encyclopedia of Ecology. J Clean Prod 142:40594071. The idea for the article was suggested by Prof. Gaio Cesare Pacini. Moreover, as reported by Ollivier et al. Biodynamics is an agricultural management system based on a series of lectures given by Rudolf Steiner in 1924 ( Steiner, 1958 ). supportTerms and https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7001, Greentrade marketplace (2006) Vinos ecolgicos de alta calidad, comercio justo y precios estables. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(98)00060-7, Venkat K (2012) Comparison of twelve organic and conventional farming systems: a life cycle greenhouse gas emissions perspective. Systems theory holds that the behavior of any system in a hierarchy, e.g., the farm system, is not readily discoverable from a study of lower systems, e.g., cropping/livestock systems, and vice versa (Checkland 1981; Milsum 1972; Simon 1962; Whyte et al. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.260.5106.344, Rete Rurale Nazionale 20142020 (2019) Bioreport 20172018. However, a few tentative considerations can be made based on consolidated outcomes published in important publications since the 1990s, although only in reference to specific pedo-climatic and production conditions. J Microbiol Biotechnol 23:644651. -- Michael Alberty writes about wine for The Oregonian/OregonLive and Wine Enthusiast Magazine. It's considered one of the first sustainable agriculture movements that emphasize the interrelationships between all aspects of the living farm, with a spiritual and mystical outlook embedded in its core. 2015). ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. A Review Agron Sustain Dev 33:275289. Renew Agric Food Syst 27:242250. Statistical analyses were conducted on accumulation of BD agriculture publication over time and on geographical distribution utilizing R statistical software version 4.0.3 (R Core Team 2020) and one of its libraries (Wickham 2011). Biodynamic farming, however, introduces the notion of biodiversity on the farm as well as a focus on crop rotation, care of the land and adherence to the lunar calendar. This aspect is common to all fields of research in agriculture but becomes, if possible, even more important when we investigate agroecological types of farming, including BD and organic agriculture. Nevertheless, these and other studies found that BD and organic juices have very similar quality traits (Granato et al. Among them, studies regarding arable cropping systems confirm that mean crop yields in BD farming are lower than those of conventional systems (Mder et al. (2020) found that extra costs connected to diversification in BD farms do not generally pay off on standard food markets because of equal prices of organic and BD products, which leads BD farmers to export their products to countries like Germany and France where they can achieve 20% higher prices on average. J Sci Food Agric 95:26682677. The first studies specifically focusing on the BD method were carried out between the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s, while the most recent peer-reviewed research into BD agriculture was published by Turinek et al. Most articles included in the BD practices group refer to aspects of soil quality. However, Mezzasalma et al. It must be stressed that the majority of publications reporting organic/conventional comparisons in the overall literature do not examine BD agriculture; hence, the subset of articles cited in this manuscript does not represent the universe of organic/conventional comparisons in the literature, which greatly reduces the possibility of drawing generic conclusions in this matter. No differences between organic and BD systems were reported in terms of protein fractions, unextractable polymeric protein, gliadin, and dry gluten contents. 1999), a treatment with compost and BD preparations reported lower performances as compared to a conventional manured system. A review of scientific research on biodynamic agriculture 2012) and that cow horns in which bovine fecal material is incubated for several months, could provide suitable substrates for a specific proteolytic decomposition process (Zanardo et al. Accessed 18 Mar 2022, Penfold CM, Miyan MS, Reeves TG, Grierson IT (1995) Biological farming for sustainable agricultural production. (2016) also assessed physiological responses of grapevines to BD management and provided evidence of a strong stimulation effect of natural defence compounds in grape plants grown with BD preparations 500, 500K, fladen, and 501. Biodynamic farming is on the rise - but how effective is this 2010). What is Biodynamic Farming? - New Dawn Magazine https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.10.030, Perry JN (1997) Statistical aspects of field experiments. Aare AK, Egmose J, Lund S, Hauggaard-Nielsen H (2020) Opportunities and barriers in diversified farming and the use of agroecological principles in the Global Norththe experiences of Danish biodynamic farmers. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.4605, Heinze S, Raupp J, Joergensen RG (2010) Effects of fertilizer and spatial heterogeneity in soil pH on microbial biomass indices in a long-term field trial of organic agriculture. 2018; Wigboldus et al. Biodynamic Farming Guide for Beginners - Happy DIY Home The abandonment of manipulative techniques such as hybrid breeding, the consideration of biodynamic cultivation measures, and an orientation towards ripeness, vitality and taste are essential charac-teristics of biodynamic plant breeding. 2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2011.04.006, Reganold JP, Palmer AS, Lockhart JS, Macgregor AN (1993) Soil quality and financial performance of biodynamic and conventional farms in New-Zealand. Integrated Agriculture, Integrated Farming, Integrated Crop Management, Integrated Pest Management. 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